This review describes the electrochemical control and stimulation of micro-organisms involved in the bioremediation of sediments and waterlogged soils. This emerging technology is derived from sedimentary microbial fuel cells, and consists of ensuring the respiration of aerobic microbial populations under anaerobic conditions by an anode as the terminal electron acceptor for electrons from microbial respiratory chains. This review describes the conceptual basis of electro-bioremediation, material used, and published implementations, from bench tests to some in-field set-ups.