The PMIP4 contribution to CMIP6 – Part 3: The last millennium, scientific objective, and experimental design for the PMIP4 past1000 simulations
Johann H. Jungclaus
(1)
,
Edouard Bard
(2)
,
Mélanie Baroni
(2)
,
Pascale Braconnot
(3, 4)
,
Jian Cao
(5)
,
Louise P. Chini
(6)
,
Tania Egorova
(7)
,
Michael N. Evans
(8)
,
J. Fidel González-Rouco
(9)
,
Hugues Goosse
(10)
,
George Hurtt
(6)
,
Fortunat Joos
(11)
,
Jed O. Kaplan
(12)
,
Myriam Khodri
(13)
,
Kees Klein Goldewijk
(14)
,
Natalie Krivova
(15)
,
Allegra N. Legrande
(16)
,
Stephan Lorenz
(1)
,
Jürg Luterbacher
(17)
,
Wenmin Man
(18)
,
Amanda Maycock
(19)
,
Malte Meinshausen
(20)
,
Anders Moberg
(21)
,
Raimund R Muscheler
(22)
,
Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles
(11)
,
Bette L. Otto-Bliesner
(23)
,
Steven J. Phipps
(24)
,
Julia Pongratz
(25)
,
Eugene Rozanov
(7)
,
Gavin Schmidt
(26)
,
Hauke Schmidt
(27)
,
Werner Schmutz
(28)
,
Andrew Schurer
(29)
,
Alexander Shapiro
(30)
,
Michael Sigl
(31)
,
Jason Smerdon
(32)
,
Sami Solanki
(15)
,
Claudia Timmreck
(27)
,
Matthew Toohey
(33)
,
Ilya Usoskin
(34)
,
Sebastian Wagner
(35)
,
Chi-Ju Wu
(15)
,
Kok Leng Yeo
(15)
,
Davide Zanchettin
(36)
,
Qiong Zhang
(37)
,
Eduardo Zorita
(38)
1
MPI-M -
Max-Planck-Institut für Meteorologie
2 Collège de France - Chaire Evolution du climat et de l'océan
3 LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette]
4 MERMAID - Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics
5 CSE - Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Shanghai]
6 Department of Geographical Sciences
7 IAC - Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich]
8 University of Maryland [College Park]
9 IGEO - Instituto de Geociencias [Madrid]
10 UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain
11 CEP - Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern]
12 UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne
13 PARVATI - Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts
14 PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
15 MPS - Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
16 GSFC - NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
17 Department of Geography, Justus-Liebig- University
18 LASG - Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
19 University of Leeds
20 PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
21 Bolin Centre for Climate Research
22 Department of Geology [Lund]
23 NCAR - National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder]
24 UNSW - University of New South Wales [Sydney]
25 DGE - Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie]
26 GISS - NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
27 MPI-M - Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
28 PMOD/WRC - Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center
29 School of Geosciences [Edinburgh]
30 ISyE - School of Industrial and Systems Engineering [Georgia Tech]
31 Laboratory of Radio- and Environmental Chemistry [Villigen]
32 LDEO - Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
33 IFM-GEOMAR - Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften
34 University of Oulu
35 Eurecom [Sophia Antipolis]
36 Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia]
37 Department of Physical Geography [Stockholm]
38 GKSS - Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
2 Collège de France - Chaire Evolution du climat et de l'océan
3 LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette]
4 MERMAID - Modelling the Earth Response to Multiple Anthropogenic Interactions and Dynamics
5 CSE - Department of Computer Science and Engineering [Shanghai]
6 Department of Geographical Sciences
7 IAC - Institute for Atmospheric and Climate Science [Zürich]
8 University of Maryland [College Park]
9 IGEO - Instituto de Geociencias [Madrid]
10 UCL - Université Catholique de Louvain = Catholic University of Louvain
11 CEP - Climate and Environmental Physics [Bern]
12 UNIL - Université de Lausanne = University of Lausanne
13 PARVATI - Processus de la variabilité climatique tropicale et impacts
14 PBL Netherlands Environmental Assessment Agency
15 MPS - Max-Planck-Institut für Sonnensystemforschung = Max Planck Institute for Solar System Research
16 GSFC - NASA Goddard Space Flight Center
17 Department of Geography, Justus-Liebig- University
18 LASG - Laboratory of Numerical Modeling for Atmospheric Sciences and Geophysical Fluid Dynamics
19 University of Leeds
20 PIK - Potsdam Institute for Climate Impact Research
21 Bolin Centre for Climate Research
22 Department of Geology [Lund]
23 NCAR - National Center for Atmospheric Research [Boulder]
24 UNSW - University of New South Wales [Sydney]
25 DGE - Department of Global Ecology [Carnegie]
26 GISS - NASA Goddard Institute for Space Studies
27 MPI-M - Max Planck Institute for Meteorology
28 PMOD/WRC - Physikalisch-Meteorologisches Observatorium Davos/World Radiation Center
29 School of Geosciences [Edinburgh]
30 ISyE - School of Industrial and Systems Engineering [Georgia Tech]
31 Laboratory of Radio- and Environmental Chemistry [Villigen]
32 LDEO - Lamont-Doherty Earth Observatory
33 IFM-GEOMAR - Leibniz-Institut für Meereswissenschaften
34 University of Oulu
35 Eurecom [Sophia Antipolis]
36 Department of Environmental Sciences, Informatics and Statistics [Venezia]
37 Department of Physical Geography [Stockholm]
38 GKSS - Helmholtz-Zentrum Geesthacht
Edouard Bard
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Mélanie Baroni
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Pascale Braconnot
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Jian Cao
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Hugues Goosse
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George Hurtt
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Fortunat Joos
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Myriam Khodri
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Allegra N. Legrande
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Malte Meinshausen
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Christoph Nehrbass-Ahles
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Julia Pongratz
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Andrew Schurer
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Michael Sigl
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Claudia Timmreck
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Matthew Toohey
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Davide Zanchettin
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Qiong Zhang
- Fonction : Auteur
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- ORCID : 0000-0002-9137-2883
Résumé
The pre-industrial millennium is among the periods selected by the Paleoclimate Model Intercomparison Project (PMIP) for experiments contributing to the sixth phase of the Coupled Model Intercomparison Project (CMIP6) and the fourth phase of the PMIP (PMIP4). The past1000 transient simulations serve to investigate the response to (mainly) natural forcing under background conditions not too different from today, and to discriminate between forced and internally generated variability on interannual to centennial timescales. This paper describes the motivation and the experimental set-ups for the PMIP4-CMIP6 past1000 simulations, and discusses the forcing agents orbital, solar, volcanic, and land use/land cover changes, and variations in greenhouse gas concentrations. The (past1000 simulations covering the pre-industrial millennium from 850 Common Era (CE) to 1849 CE have to be complemented by historical simulations (1850 to 2014 CE) following the CMIP6 protocol. The external forcings for the past1000 experiments have been adapted to provide a seamless transition across these time periods. Protocols for the past1000 simulations have been divided into three tiers. A default forcing data set has been defined for the Tier 1 (the CMIP6 past1000) experiment. However, the PMIP community has maintained the flexibility to conduct coordinated sensitivity experiments to explore uncertainty in forcing reconstructions as well as parameter uncertainty in dedicated Tier 2 simulations. Additional experiments (Tier 3) are defined to foster collaborative model experiments focusing on the early instrumental period and to extend the temporal range and the scope of the simulations. This paper outlines current and future research foci and common analyses for collaborative work between the PMIP and the observational communities (reconstructions, instrumental data).
Domaines
ClimatologieOrigine | Fichiers éditeurs autorisés sur une archive ouverte |
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