Interspecific variation in the relationship between clutch size, laying date and intensity of urbanization in four species of hole-nesting birds.
Marie Vaugoyeau
(1)
,
Frank Adriaensen
(2)
,
Alexandr Artemyev
(3)
,
Jerzy Bańbura
(4)
,
Emilio Barba
(5)
,
Clotilde Biard
(6)
,
Jacques Blondel
(7)
,
Zihad Bouslama
(8)
,
Jean-Charles Bouvier
(9)
,
Jordi Camprodon
(10)
,
Francesco Cecere
,
Anne Charmantier
(7)
,
Motti Charter
(11, 12)
,
Mariusz Cichoń
(13)
,
Camillo Cusimano
(14)
,
Dorota Czeszczewik
(15)
,
Virginie Demeyrier
(7)
,
Blandine Doligez
(16)
,
Claire Doutrelant
(7)
,
Anna Dubiec
(17)
,
Marcel Eens
(18)
,
Tapio Eeva
(19)
,
Bruno Faivre
(20)
,
Peter N. Ferns
(21)
,
Jukka T. Forsman
(22)
,
Eduardo García-Del-Rey
(23)
,
Aya Goldshtein
(24)
,
Anne E. Goodenough
(25)
,
Andrew G. Gosler
(26)
,
Arnaud Grégoire
(7)
,
Lars Gustafsson
(27)
,
Iga Harnist
(17)
,
Ian R. Hartley
(28)
,
Philipp Heeb
(29)
,
Shelley A. Hinsley
(30)
,
Paul Isenmann
(7)
,
Staffan Jacob
(29)
,
Rimvydas Juškaitis
(31)
,
Erkki Korpimäki
(19)
,
Indrikis Krams
(32)
,
Toni Laaksonen
(19)
,
Marcel M. Lambrechts
(7)
,
Bernard Leclercq
,
Esa Lehikoinen
(19)
,
Olli Loukola
(22)
,
Arne Lundberg
(27)
,
Mark C. Mainwaring
(28)
,
Raivo Mänd
(32)
,
Bruno Massa
(14)
,
Tomasz D. Mazgajski
(17)
,
Santiago Merino
(33)
,
Cezary Mitrus
(34)
,
Mikko Mönkkönen
(7, 35)
,
Xavier Morin
(7)
,
Ruedi G. Nager
(36)
,
Sven G. Nilsson
(37)
,
Ana C. Norte
(38)
,
Markku Orell
(22)
,
Philippe Perret
(7)
,
Christopher M. Perrins
(26)
,
Carla S. Pimentel
(39)
,
Rianne Pinxten
(21, 40)
,
Heinz Richner
(41)
,
Hugo Robles
(42, 2)
,
Seppo Rytkönen
(22)
,
Juan Carlos Senar
(43)
,
Janne T. Seppänen
(22)
,
Luis Pascoal da Silva
(38)
,
Tore Slagsvold
(44)
,
Tapio Solonen
(45)
,
Alberto Sorace
(46)
,
Martyn J. Stenning
(47)
,
Piotr Tryjanowski
(48)
,
Mikael von Numers
(49)
,
Wieslaw Walankiewicz
(15)
,
Anders Pape Møller
(1)
1
ESE -
Ecologie Systématique et Evolution
2 Evolutionary Ecology Group
3 Institute of Biology
4 Department of Experimental Zoology & Evolutionary Biology
5 Terrestrial Vertebrates Research Unit "Cavanilles"
6 iEES - Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris
7 CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
8 Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems [Annaba]
9 PSH - Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles
10 Àrea de Biodiversitat - Grup de Biologia de la Conservació
11 University of Haifa [Haifa]
12 Society for the Protection of Nature
13 Institute of Environmental Sciences
14 Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences
15 Department of Zoology
16 Evolution, adaptation et comportement [LBBE]
17 Museum and Institute of Zoology
18 Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group
19 Section of Ecology
20 BGS - Biogéosciences [UMR 6282]
21 School of Biosciences [Cardiff]
22 Department of Ecology
23 Departamento de Ecología
24 TAU - Tel Aviv University
25 Department of Natural and Social Sciences
26 Department of Zoology
27 Department of Animal Ecology - Evolutionary Biology Centre
28 Lancaster Environment Centre
29 EDB - Evolution et Diversité Biologique
30 CEH - Centre for Ecology & Hydrology
31 Institute of Ecology of Nature Research Centre
32 Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences
33 Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva
34 Department of Zoology
35 JYU - Department of Biological and Environmental Science [Jyväskylä Univ]
36 Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine
37 Animal Ecology
38 Department of Life Sciences
39 Centro de Estudos Florestais
40 Didactica Research Unit
41 IEE - Institute of Ecology & Evolution
42 GIBE - Evolutionary Ecology Group
43 CSIC - Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
44 Department of Biosciences [Oslo]
45 Luontotutkimus Solonen Oy
46 SROPU
47 School of Life Sciences
48 Institute of Zoology
49 Environmental and Marine Biology
2 Evolutionary Ecology Group
3 Institute of Biology
4 Department of Experimental Zoology & Evolutionary Biology
5 Terrestrial Vertebrates Research Unit "Cavanilles"
6 iEES - Institut d'écologie et des sciences de l'environnement de Paris
7 CEFE - Centre d’Ecologie Fonctionnelle et Evolutive
8 Ecology of Terrestrial and Aquatic Systems [Annaba]
9 PSH - Unité de recherche Plantes et Systèmes de Culture Horticoles
10 Àrea de Biodiversitat - Grup de Biologia de la Conservació
11 University of Haifa [Haifa]
12 Society for the Protection of Nature
13 Institute of Environmental Sciences
14 Department of Agriculture and Forest Sciences
15 Department of Zoology
16 Evolution, adaptation et comportement [LBBE]
17 Museum and Institute of Zoology
18 Behavioural Ecology & Ecophysiology Group
19 Section of Ecology
20 BGS - Biogéosciences [UMR 6282]
21 School of Biosciences [Cardiff]
22 Department of Ecology
23 Departamento de Ecología
24 TAU - Tel Aviv University
25 Department of Natural and Social Sciences
26 Department of Zoology
27 Department of Animal Ecology - Evolutionary Biology Centre
28 Lancaster Environment Centre
29 EDB - Evolution et Diversité Biologique
30 CEH - Centre for Ecology & Hydrology
31 Institute of Ecology of Nature Research Centre
32 Institute of Ecology & Earth Sciences
33 Departamento de Ecología Evolutiva
34 Department of Zoology
35 JYU - Department of Biological and Environmental Science [Jyväskylä Univ]
36 Institute of Biodiversity, Animal Health & Comparative Medicine
37 Animal Ecology
38 Department of Life Sciences
39 Centro de Estudos Florestais
40 Didactica Research Unit
41 IEE - Institute of Ecology & Evolution
42 GIBE - Evolutionary Ecology Group
43 CSIC - Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas
44 Department of Biosciences [Oslo]
45 Luontotutkimus Solonen Oy
46 SROPU
47 School of Life Sciences
48 Institute of Zoology
49 Environmental and Marine Biology
Marie Vaugoyeau
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Jerzy Bańbura
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Jean-Charles Bouvier
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Francesco Cecere
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Virginie Demeyrier
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Blandine Doligez
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Claire Doutrelant
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Marcel Eens
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Arnaud Grégoire
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Lars Gustafsson
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Philipp Heeb
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Staffan Jacob
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Marcel M. Lambrechts
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Bernard Leclercq
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Juan Carlos Senar
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Résumé
The increase in size of human populations in urban and agricultural areas has resulted in considerable habitat conversion globally. Such anthropogenic areas have specific environmental characteristics, which influence the physiology, life history, and population dynamics of plants and animals. For example, the date of bud burst is advanced in urban compared to nearby natural areas. In some birds, breeding success is determined by synchrony between timing of breeding and peak food abundance. Pertinently, caterpillars are an important food source for the nestlings of many bird species, and their abundance is influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and date of bud burst. Higher temperatures and advanced date of bud burst in urban areas could advance peak caterpillar abundance and thus affect breeding phenology of birds. In order to test whether laying date advance and clutch sizes decrease with the intensity of urbanization, we analyzed the timing of breeding and clutch size in relation to intensity of urbanization as a measure of human impact in 199 nest box plots across Europe, North Africa, and the Middle East (i.e., the Western Palearctic) for four species of hole-nesters: blue tits (Cyanistes caeruleus), great tits (Parus major), collared flycatchers (Ficedula albicollis), and pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca). Meanwhile, we estimated the intensity of urbanization as the density of buildings surrounding study plots measured on orthophotographs. For the four study species, the intensity of urbanization was not correlated with laying date. Clutch size in blue and great tits does not seem affected by the intensity of urbanization, while in collared and pied flycatchers it decreased with increasing intensity of urbanization. This is the first large-scale study showing a species-specific major correlation between intensity of urbanization and the ecology of breeding. The underlying mechanisms for the relationships between life history and urbanization remain to be determined. We propose that effects of food abundance or quality, temperature, noise, pollution, or disturbance by humans may on their own or in combination affect laying date and/or clutch size.
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