The impact of fermentative metabolism at low temperature on cell division of Bacillus cereus was studied. Fermentation at 37 C had no influence on the division of bacteria. Aerobic cultures at 15 C produced larger cells than at 37 C, but cell division was normal. In fermentative cultures at 15 C, no increase in CFU ml À1 was observed. However, A 600 increased, due to formation of long filaments. Transmission electronic microscopy and light microscopy with fluorescent staining showed several nucleic acid entities separated by a hydrophobic membrane, indicating that each filament contained several individual cells attached by peptidoglycan. When left in air at room temperature, one filament gave several daughter cells, this means that one CFU formed by one filament may represent a greater contamination potential than one CFU formed by a single cell. Division was observed in cultures at 15 C with anaerobic respiration in the presence of nitrates. Possible filamentous growth must thus be taken into account to avoid underestimating B. cereus growth in vacuum or modified atmosphere packaged foods stored at low temperature.