Wheat is an important part of the daily diet of millions of people. However, this staple food is also responsible for food allergies. Ancient cultivars of wheat are gaining interest today but nothing is known about their allergenicity. Many wheat proteins have been reported as causative food allergens, including some prolamin-type gluten proteins, and salt soluble proteins of the albumin/globulin (A/G) type. The objective of this work is to obtain information about the allergenicity of the salt soluble A/G fraction of an ancient diploid cultivar compared with a standard hexaploid bread wheat cultivar using 20 sera from patients with wheat allergy. Differences in the IgE reactivity of sera towards the two genotypes were quantified by ELISA. Qualitative differences in IgE-binding proteins were searched after 1D or 2D electrophoresis. For most of the sera, the concentration in A/G specific IgE was higher for the hexaploid T. aestivum (cv Recital) than for the diploid T. monococcum (cv Engrain). The analysis of 2D spots revealed by immunoblotting leads to the identification by mass spectrometry of 39 IgE-binding proteins, some of them unknown until now as wheat allergens. Numerous allergens were identified, differences observed between Engrain and Recital will be discussed. (C) 2011 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.