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Qualgebras and knotted 3-valent graphs

Abstract

This paper is devoted to qualgebras and squandles, which are quandles enriched with a compatible binary/unary operation. Algebraically, they are modeled after groups with conjugation and multiplication/squaring operations. Topologically, qualgebras emerge as an algebraic counterpart of knotted 3-valent graphs, just like quandles can be seen as an ''algebraization'' of knots; squandles in turn simplify the qualgebra algebraization of graphs. Knotted 3-valent graph invariants are constructed by counting qualgebra/squandle colorings of graph diagrams, and are further enhanced using qualgebra/squandle 2-cocycles. Some algebraic properties and the beginning of a cohomology theory are given for both structures. A classification of size 4 qualgebras/squandles is presented, and their second cohomology groups are completely described.
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Dates and versions

hal-00951712 , version 1 (25-02-2014)

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Victoria Lebed. Qualgebras and knotted 3-valent graphs. 2014. ⟨hal-00951712⟩

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