Ca-alginate materials were studied by small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) at different steps of conversion from gel to aerogel in order to determine the relation between the polymer organization at the nanoscale in the gels and the final dry aerogel. In all cases, i.e. before and after the different exchanges of solvents and after the formation of the aerogel, the SAXS patterns exhibit an asymptotic behavior at low q values (in the experimental q range 7.10-3 up to 2.10-2 Å-1) close to I(q)~ q-1, indicative of randomly-oriented rod-like scattering objects. The evolution of the diameter of such rod-like objects was thus deduced from the maxima observed on Kratky plots i.e. I(q).q2 vs q. The results are in perfect agreement qualitatively (rod-like anisometry type of the scattering objects) and quantitatively (diameter of the rods) with direct SEM observations of the morphology of aerogels and with the results of N2 adsorption on the aerogel. This is an evidence that in the chosen experimental processing conditions, the morphology of the aerogel depends on the morphology of pre-existing objects within the gel, i.e. that the structure of the aerogel provides a correct image of the structure of the parent gel.