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            <title xml:lang="en">Study of the physical and biogeochemical variability of water masses in the Mediterranean Sea</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">deep convection</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">oceanographic in-situ observations.</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">vertical velocities</term>
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              <p>The numerous in-situ observations collected in the Mediterranean Sea over the past 15 years enable a new analysis, and the monitoring of water masses is now possible. A focus has been put on the North-Western Mediterranean Sea where deep convection occurs. Thanks to the numerous high resolution temporal and spatial data collected notably by gliders, an intense warming and salinification of the Levantine Intermediate Water (LIW) was evidenced. Indexes have been built to monitor the LIW and its spreading pattern was further described. This warming and salinification concurs with the absence of deep convective events since winter 2012/2013 and the basin has been invaded at intermediate depth by the new waters. The interplay between the key deep convection phenomenon and the warming at intermediate levels was explored through the mixing agents: for the first time, the physical and biogeochemical properties of convective plumes were characterised and have been integrated in the new paradigm for deep convection. In order to better understand how the deep convective events regulate the basin, the relative importance of oceanic preconditioning and of atmospheric fluxes, as well as the possibility of future deep convective events were discussed.</p>
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              <p>L’explosion du nombre d’observations in-situ collectées en Mer Méditerranée au cours des 15 dernières années offre de nouveaux moyens d’analyse et de suivi des masses d’eaux. L’accent a été mis sur la Méditerranée Nord-Occidentale, siège du phénomène dit de convection profonde et plus intensément observée. Notamment grâce aux observations à hautes résolutions temporelles et spatiales de gliders, un réchauffement et une salinification intense des Eaux Levantines Intermédiaires (LIW) a été mis en évidence. Des indicateurs de variabilité de la LIW ont été construits et sa circulation a été détaillée. En l’absence de convection profonde depuis l’hiver 2012/2013, le bassin a été envahi par ces eaux non diluées dans les eaux profondes et un nouvel état du bassin est observé. Afin de mieux comprendre comment la convection profonde régule la Méditerranée Occidentale, une étude de processus a été effectuée et les importances relatives du préconditionnement océanique et des flux atmosphériques ont été évaluées afin de discuter la possibilité d’évènements convectifs profonds futurs. Pour la première fois, les propriétés physiques et biogéochimiques des plumes convectives ont été caractérisées et s’inscrivent dans le nouveau paradigme de la convection profonde proposé.</p>
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