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            <title xml:lang="en">Solar wind physics : kinetic models and non thermal distributions</title>
            <title xml:lang="fr">Physique du vent solaire : modèles cinétiques et distributions non thermiques</title>
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            <idno type="halRefHtml">Astrophysique stellaire et solaire [astro-ph.SR]. Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7, 2005. Français. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://www.theses.fr/"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;NNT : &amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Solar wind physics : kinetic models and non thermal distributions</title>
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                <authority type="institution">Université Paris Diderot - Paris 7</authority>
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                <authority type="supervisor">Nicole Meyer-Vernet</authority>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Non-collisional and semi-collisional plasmas</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Kinetic simulations</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Suprathermic electrons</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Crown heating</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Solar corona</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Exospheric models</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Rapid solar wind acceleration</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Solar wind</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Sun</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Space plasmas</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Plasmas non-collisionnels et semi-collisionnels</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Electrons suprathermiques</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Chauffage de la couronne</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Couronne solaire</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Modèles exosphériques</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Simulations cinétiques</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Plasmas spatiaux</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Accélération du vent solaire rapide</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Vent solaire</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Soleil</term>
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              <p>After more than four decades of confirming the existence of the solar wind by the measurements of the Mariner 2 probe, its acceleration to supersonic speeds of the order of 700-800 km/s remains misunderstood. Parker's classic theory, based on conventional conduction, provides too low speed, which led almost all theories to seek an additional form of energy to this acceleration. The theoretical difficulty comes from the fact that the medium is weakly collisional, an area of ​​plasma physics that is still poorly understood. Additionally, the models hydrodynamics are based on the local thermodynamic equilibrium, which is far from true for the electrons of the solar wind. In fact, the distribution functions electron velocities measured in situ are not Maxwellian, but have an excess of superthermal electrons. In this thesis work, we have developed an alternative theory based on the role of electrons which are far from thermodynamic equilibrium and which would be the main engine of acceleration. This approach explains for the first times the fast solar wind without additional energy assumptions.</p>
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              <p>Après plus de quatre décennies de la confirmation de l’existence du vent solaire par les mesures de la sonde Mariner 2, son accélération à des vitesses supersoniques de l’ordre de 700-800 km/s reste incomprise. La théorie classique de Parker, basée sur la conduction classique, fournit une vitesse trop faible, ce qui a conduit la quasi-totalité des théories à chercher une forme d’énergie supplémentaire pour cette accélération.La difficulté théorique vient du fait que le milieu est faiblement collisionnel, un domaine de la physique des plasmas encore mal connu. De plus, les modèles hydrodynamiques sont basés sur l’équilibre thermodynamique local, ce qui est loin d’être vrai pour les électrons du vent solaire. En effet, les fonctions de distribution des vitesses des électrons mesurées in situ ne sont pas maxwelliennes, mais présentent un excès d’électrons suprathermiques. Dans ce travail de thèse, nous avons élaboré une théorie alternative basée sur le rôle des électrons qui sont loin de l’équilibre thermodynamique et qui seraient le moteur principal de l’accélération. Cette approche explique pour la première fois le vent solaire rapide sans hypothèse supplémentaire sur l’énergie.</p>
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