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            <title xml:lang="en">Extragalactic observations with Adaptive Optics: Polarisation in Active galactic Nuclei and Study of Super Stellar Clusters</title>
            <title xml:lang="fr">Observations Extragalactiques avec Optique Adaptative : Polarisation dans les Noyaux Actifs de Galaxie et Étude des Super Amas d'Étoiles</title>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Extragalactic observations with Adaptive Optics: Polarisation in Active galactic Nuclei and Study of Super Stellar Clusters</title>
                <title xml:lang="fr">Observations Extragalactiques avec Optique Adaptative : Polarisation dans les Noyaux Actifs de Galaxie et Étude des Super Amas d'Étoiles</title>
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                <authority type="institution">Université Paris Sciences et Lettres</authority>
                <authority type="school">École doctorale Astronomie et astrophysique d'Île-de-France (Paris ; 1992-....)</authority>
                <authority type="supervisor">Daniel Rouan</authority>
                <authority type="supervisor">Damien Gratadour</authority>
                <authority type="jury">Catherine Boisson (présidente)</authority>
                <authority type="jury">Almudena Alonso-Herrero</authority>
                <authority type="jury">Christopher Packham</authority>
                <authority type="jury">Annie Zavagno</authority>
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                <term xml:lang="en"> Radiative transfer.</term>
                <term xml:lang="en"> high angular resolution</term>
                <term xml:lang="en"> polarimetry</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Photometry</term>
                <term xml:lang="en"> star clusters</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Galaxies: Seyfert</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr"> polarimétrie</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr"> Transfert radiatif.</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Observations</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr"> Haute résolution angulaire</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Photométrie</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr"> amas d’étoiles</term>
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              <p>Despite having strong theoretical models, the current limitation in our understanding of the small-scale structures of galaxies is linked to the lack of observational evidences. Many powerful telescopes and instruments have been developed in the last decades, however one of these strongest tools, namely Adaptive Optics (AO), can only be used on a very limited number of targets. Indeed, for AO to be efficient, a bright star is required close to the scientific target, typically under 30". This is mandatory for the AO systems to be able to measure the atmospheric turbulence and this condition is rarely satisfied for extended extragalactic targets such as galaxies. The main part of this thesis work consisted in going deeper in the analysis of the inner tens of parsecs of Active Nuclei (AGN) by combining different techniques to obtain and to interpret new data. In this context, we developed a new radiative transfer code to analyse the polarimetric data. A second part of my work was dedicated to a high angular resolution study of Super Star Clusters (SSC) in a new system, thanks to data obtained with the AO demonstrator CANARY instrument.</p>
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              <p>Malgré l’existence de modèles précis, notre connaissance des structures à petite échelle des galaxies est toujours limitée par le manque de preuves observationnelles. Les progrès instrumentaux ont permis d’atteindre une haute résolution angulaire à l’aide des nouvelles générations de télescopes, mais celle-ci est restreinte à un faible nombre de cibles extragalactiques à causes des besoins de l’Optique Adaptative (OA). En effet, afin de permettre une mesure efficace du front d’onde, l’OA requiert une source brillante et ponctuelle proche de la cible scientifique, typiquement en dessous de 30". La partie principale de cette thèse porte sur l’analyse de la dizaine de parsecs centrale des Galaxies à Noyaux Actifs (NAG) à l’aide de différentes techniques observationnelles et numériques. Nous avons dans ce contexte développé un code de transfert radiatif nous permettant d’analyser les données polarimétriques. La seconde partie de ce travail est dédiée à l’analyse d’images en proche infrarouges de galaxies à flambée d’étoiles afin de contraindre les paramètres décrivant les super amas stellaires, jeunes cocons de poussière très massifs abritant une formation d’étoiles très soutenue, à l’aide de données obtenues avec l’instrument CANARY, démonstrateur de nouvelles technologies d’OA.</p>
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