Global Carbon Budget 2023 - Archive ouverte HAL
Article Dans Une Revue Earth System Science Data Année : 2023

Global Carbon Budget 2023

Pierre Friedlingstein (1) , Michael O'Sullivan , Matthew W Jones , Robbie M Andrew , Dorothee C E Bakker , Judith Hauck , Peter Landschützer , Corinne Le Quéré , Ingrid T Luijkx , Glen P Peters , Wouter Peters , Julia Pongratz , Clemens Schwingshackl , Stephen Sitch , Josep G Canadell , Philippe Ciais , Robert B Jackson , Simone R Alin , Peter Anthoni , Leticia Barbero , Nicholas R Bates , Meike Becker , Nicolas Bellouin , Bertrand Decharme (2) , Laurent Bopp , Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika , Patricia Cadule , Matthew A Chamberlain , Naveen Chandra , Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau , Frédéric Chevallier , Louise P Chini , Margot Cronin , Xinyu Dou , Kazutaka Enyo , Wiley Evans , Stefanie Falk , Richard A Feely , Liang Feng , Daniel J Ford , Thomas Gasser , Josefine Ghattas , Thanos Gkritzalis , Giacomo Grassi , Luke Gregor , Nicolas Gruber , Özgür Gürses , Ian Harris , Matthew Hefner , Jens Heinke , Richard A Houghton , George C Hurtt , Yosuke Iida , Tatiana Ilyina , Andrew R Jacobson , Atul Jain , Tereza Jarníková , Annika Jersild , Fei Jiang , Zhe Jin , Fortunat Joos , Etsushi Kato , Ralph F Keeling , Daniel Kennedy , Kees Klein Goldewijk , Jürgen Knauer , Jan Ivar Korsbakken , Arne Körtzinger , Xin Lan , Nathalie Lefèvre , Hongmei Li , Junjie Liu , Zhiqiang Liu , Lei Ma , Greg Marland , Nicolas Mayot , Patrick C Mcguire , Galen A Mckinley , Gesa Meyer , Eric J Morgan , David R Munro , Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka , Yosuke Niwa , Kevin M O'Brien , Are Olsen , Abdirahman M Omar , Tsuneo Ono , Melf Paulsen , Denis Pierrot , Katie Pocock , Benjamin Poulter , Carter M Powis , Gregor Rehder , Laure Resplandy , Eddy Robertson , Christian Rödenbeck , Thais M Rosan , Jörg Schwinger , Roland Séférian (2) , T. Luke Smallman , Stephen M Smith , Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso , Qing Sun , Adrienne J Sutton , Colm Sweeney , Shintaro Takao , Pieter P Tans , Hanqin Tian , Bronte Tilbrook , Hiroyuki Tsujino , Francesco Tubiello , Guido R van der Werf , Erik van Ooijen , Rik Wanninkhof , Michio Watanabe , Cathy Wimart-Rousseau , Dongxu Yang , Xiaojuan Yang , Wenping Yuan , Xu Yue , Sönke Zaehle , Jiye Zeng , Bo Zheng
Pierre Friedlingstein
Laboratoire de Météorologie Dynamique (UMR 8539)
Michael O'Sullivan
Matthew W Jones
  • Fonction : Auteur
Robbie M Andrew
Dorothee C E Bakker
Judith Hauck
Peter Landschützer
Corinne Le Quéré
Ingrid T Luijkx
Glen P Peters
Wouter Peters
Julia Pongratz
Clemens Schwingshackl
Stephen Sitch
  • Fonction : Auteur
Josep G Canadell
Philippe Ciais
Robert B Jackson
Simone R Alin
Peter Anthoni
Leticia Barbero
Nicholas R Bates
  • Fonction : Auteur
Meike Becker
Nicolas Bellouin
Bertrand Decharme
Centre national de recherches météorologiques
Laurent Bopp
Ida Bagus Mandhara Brasika
Patricia Cadule
Matthew A Chamberlain
Naveen Chandra
Thi-Tuyet-Trang Chau
Frédéric Chevallier
CV
Louise P Chini
Margot Cronin
  • Fonction : Auteur
Xinyu Dou
Kazutaka Enyo
  • Fonction : Auteur
Wiley Evans
Stefanie Falk
Richard A Feely
  • Fonction : Auteur
Liang Feng
  • Fonction : Auteur
Daniel J Ford
Thomas Gasser
Josefine Ghattas
  • Fonction : Auteur
Thanos Gkritzalis
  • Fonction : Auteur
Giacomo Grassi
  • Fonction : Auteur
Luke Gregor
Nicolas Gruber
Özgür Gürses
Ian Harris
  • Fonction : Auteur
Matthew Hefner
  • Fonction : Auteur
Jens Heinke
Richard A Houghton
George C Hurtt
Yosuke Iida
Tatiana Ilyina
Andrew R Jacobson
  • Fonction : Auteur
Atul Jain
Tereza Jarníková
Annika Jersild
  • Fonction : Auteur
Fei Jiang
Zhe Jin
  • Fonction : Auteur
Fortunat Joos
Etsushi Kato
Ralph F Keeling
Daniel Kennedy
  • Fonction : Auteur
Kees Klein Goldewijk
Jürgen Knauer
Jan Ivar Korsbakken
Arne Körtzinger
Xin Lan
Nathalie Lefèvre
  • Fonction : Auteur
Hongmei Li
Junjie Liu
Zhiqiang Liu
Lei Ma
  • Fonction : Auteur
Greg Marland
  • Fonction : Auteur
Nicolas Mayot
CV
Patrick C Mcguire
Galen A Mckinley
Gesa Meyer
  • Fonction : Auteur
Eric J Morgan
  • Fonction : Auteur
David R Munro
Shin-Ichiro Nakaoka
Yosuke Niwa
  • Fonction : Auteur
Kevin M O'Brien
  • Fonction : Auteur
Are Olsen
Abdirahman M Omar
  • Fonction : Auteur
Tsuneo Ono
  • Fonction : Auteur
Melf Paulsen
  • Fonction : Auteur
Denis Pierrot
Katie Pocock
  • Fonction : Auteur
Benjamin Poulter
Carter M Powis
  • Fonction : Auteur
Gregor Rehder
Laure Resplandy
Eddy Robertson
  • Fonction : Auteur
Christian Rödenbeck
Thais M Rosan
Jörg Schwinger
Roland Séférian
Centre national de recherches météorologiques
T. Luke Smallman
Stephen M Smith
Reinel Sospedra-Alfonso
  • Fonction : Auteur
Qing Sun
Adrienne J Sutton
Colm Sweeney
Shintaro Takao
  • Fonction : Auteur
Pieter P Tans
  • Fonction : Auteur
Hanqin Tian
Bronte Tilbrook
Hiroyuki Tsujino
Francesco Tubiello
Guido R van der Werf
  • Fonction : Auteur
Erik van Ooijen
  • Fonction : Auteur
Rik Wanninkhof
  • Fonction : Auteur
Michio Watanabe
Cathy Wimart-Rousseau
  • Fonction : Auteur
Dongxu Yang
  • Fonction : Auteur
Xiaojuan Yang
  • Fonction : Auteur
Wenping Yuan
  • Fonction : Auteur
Xu Yue
Sönke Zaehle
Jiye Zeng
  • Fonction : Auteur
Bo Zheng

Résumé

Abstract. Accurate assessment of anthropogenic carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions and their redistribution among the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere in a changing climate is critical to better understand the global carbon cycle, support the development of climate policies, and project future climate change. Here we describe and synthesize data sets and methodology to quantify the five major components of the global carbon budget and their uncertainties. Fossil CO2 emissions (EFOS) are based on energy statistics and cement production data, while emissions from land-use change (ELUC), mainly deforestation, are based on land-use and land-use change data and bookkeeping models. Atmospheric CO2 concentration is measured directly, and its growth rate (GATM) is computed from the annual changes in concentration. The ocean CO2 sink (SOCEAN) is estimated with global ocean biogeochemistry models and observation-based fCO2 products. The terrestrial CO2 sink (SLAND) is estimated with dynamic global vegetation models. Additional lines of evidence on land and ocean sinks are provided by atmospheric inversions, atmospheric oxygen measurements, and Earth system models. The resulting carbon budget imbalance (BIM), the difference between the estimated total emissions and the estimated changes in the atmosphere, ocean, and terrestrial biosphere, is a measure of imperfect data and incomplete understanding of the contemporary carbon cycle. All uncertainties are reported as ±1σ. For the year 2022, EFOS increased by 0.9 % relative to 2021, with fossil emissions at 9.9±0.5 Gt C yr−1 (10.2±0.5 Gt C yr−1 when the cement carbonation sink is not included), and ELUC was 1.2±0.7 Gt C yr−1, for a total anthropogenic CO2 emission (including the cement carbonation sink) of 11.1±0.8 Gt C yr−1 (40.7±3.2 Gt CO2 yr−1). Also, for 2022, GATM was 4.6±0.2 Gt C yr−1 (2.18±0.1 ppm yr−1; ppm denotes parts per million), SOCEAN was 2.8±0.4 Gt C yr−1, and SLAND was 3.8±0.8 Gt C yr−1, with a BIM of −0.1 Gt C yr−1 (i.e. total estimated sources marginally too low or sinks marginally too high). The global atmospheric CO2 concentration averaged over 2022 reached 417.1±0.1 ppm. Preliminary data for 2023 suggest an increase in EFOS relative to 2022 of +1.1 % (0.0 % to 2.1 %) globally and atmospheric CO2 concentration reaching 419.3 ppm, 51 % above the pre-industrial level (around 278 ppm in 1750). Overall, the mean of and trend in the components of the global carbon budget are consistently estimated over the period 1959–2022, with a near-zero overall budget imbalance, although discrepancies of up to around 1 Gt C yr−1 persist for the representation of annual to semi-decadal variability in CO2 fluxes. Comparison of estimates from multiple approaches and observations shows the following: (1) a persistent large uncertainty in the estimate of land-use changes emissions, (2) a low agreement between the different methods on the magnitude of the land CO2 flux in the northern extra-tropics, and (3) a discrepancy between the different methods on the strength of the ocean sink over the last decade. This living-data update documents changes in methods and data sets applied to this most recent global carbon budget as well as evolving community understanding of the global carbon cycle. The data presented in this work are available at https://doi.org/10.18160/GCP-2023 (Friedlingstein et al., 2023).

Domaines

Climatologie Interfaces continentales, environnement Océan, Atmosphère
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Soumis le : mercredi 7 février 2024-14:13:41

Dernière modification le : mercredi 30 octobre 2024-13:24:48

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meteo-04444069 , version 1 (07-02-2024)

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Pierre Friedlingstein, Michael O'Sullivan, Matthew W Jones, Robbie M Andrew, Dorothee C E Bakker, et al.. Global Carbon Budget 2023. Earth System Science Data, 2023, 15 (12), pp.5301 - 5369. ⟨10.5194/essd-15-5301-2023⟩. ⟨meteo-04444069⟩

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