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              <p>Characterizing groundwater flows and surface interactions in heterogeneous groundwater systems such ascrystalline fractured rock is often extremely complex. In particular, hydraulic properties are highly variable whilegroundwater chemical properties may vary both in space and time, especially due to the impact of groundwaterabstraction. Here, we show the interest of hydrological observatories and long-term monitoring for characterizinghydrological processes occurring in a crystalline rock aquifer. We present results from the site of Ploemeur(French Brittany) that belongs to the network of hydrogeological sites H+ and the research infrastructure OZCAR,and where interdisciplinary and integrated research at multiple temporal and spatial scales has been developedfor almost twenty years. This outstandingly heterogeneous crystalline rock aquifer is also used for groundwatersupply since 1991.In particular, we show how cross-borehole flowmeter tests, pumping tests and a frequency domain analysisof groundwater levels allow quantifying the hydraulic properties of the aquifer at different scales. In addition,groundwater temperature evolution was used as an excellent tracer for characterizing groundwater flow. At thesite scale, measurements of ground surface deformation through long-base tiltmeters provide robust estimatesof aquifer storage and allow identifying the active structures, including those acting during recharge process.Finally, a numerical model of the watershed scale that combines hydraulic data and groundwater ages confirmsthe geometry of this complex aquifer and the consistency of the different datasets. In parallel, this hydrologicalobservatory is also used for developing hydrogeophysical methods and to characterize groundwater transport andbiogeochemical reactivity in the sub-surface. The Ploemeur hydrogeological observatory is a good example of theinterest of focusing research activities on a site during long-term as it provides a thorough understanding of bothhydrological and biogeochemical processes that can be extended to many heterogeneous aquifers.</p>
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