In this paper, I investigate the debates among the Balinese intelligentsia about their religion during the colonial period. These debates focused upon two sets of interdependent questions: Firstly, how is "religion" (agama) connected to "tradition" (adat), and how to differentiate between their respective domains? And, second, how is Agama Bali linked to Agama Hindu, that is, how is Balinese Hinduism related to Indian Hinduism?