<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:hal="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/" xmlns:gmlce="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce" version="1.1" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0 http://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/documents/aofr-sword.xsd">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>HAL TEI export of hal-05613073</title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
        <availability status="restricted">
          <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0 - Universal</licence>
        </availability>
        <date when="2026-05-09T04:57:19+02:00"/>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p part="N">HAL API Platform</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblFull>
          <titleStmt>
            <title xml:lang="en">Wavelet Scattering Transform and Fourier Representation for Offline Detection of Malicious Clients in Federated Learning</title>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Alessandro</forename>
                <surname>Licciardi</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">3f81a7e48e36d4ec205431117ed826fc</email>
              <email type="domain">polito.it</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1676850</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">3335875-1676850</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8428-3408</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-443215"/>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-24760"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Davide</forename>
                <surname>Leo</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">4118915-0</idno>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Davide</forename>
                <surname>Carbone</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">3335876-0</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1004932"/>
            </author>
            <editor role="depositor">
              <persName>
                <forename>Anne-Cécile</forename>
                <surname>VERZIER</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">d432b431ec70e17f8f1fa5e9cc91090a</email>
              <email type="domain">ens.fr</email>
            </editor>
            <funder ref="#projanr-185715"/>
          </titleStmt>
          <editionStmt>
            <edition n="v1" type="current">
              <date type="whenSubmitted">2026-05-05 16:04:30</date>
              <date type="whenModified">2026-05-09 03:17:32</date>
              <date type="whenReleased">2026-05-07 18:41:57</date>
              <date type="whenProduced">2026</date>
              <date type="whenEndEmbargoed">2026-05-05</date>
              <ref type="file" target="https://hal.science/hal-05613073v1/document">
                <date notBefore="2026-05-05"/>
              </ref>
              <ref type="file" subtype="author" n="1" target="https://hal.science/hal-05613073v1/file/Wavelet_Scattering_Transform_and_Fourier_Representation_for_Offline_Detection_of_Malicious_Clients_in_Federated_Learning.pdf" id="file-5613073-4811918">
                <date notBefore="2026-05-05"/>
              </ref>
              <ref type="externalLink" target="http://arxiv.org/pdf/2506.09674"/>
            </edition>
            <respStmt>
              <resp>contributor</resp>
              <name key="432294">
                <persName>
                  <forename>Anne-Cécile</forename>
                  <surname>VERZIER</surname>
                </persName>
                <email type="md5">d432b431ec70e17f8f1fa5e9cc91090a</email>
                <email type="domain">ens.fr</email>
              </name>
            </respStmt>
          </editionStmt>
          <publicationStmt>
            <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
            <idno type="halId">hal-05613073</idno>
            <idno type="halUri">https://hal.science/hal-05613073</idno>
            <idno type="halBibtex">licciardi:hal-05613073</idno>
            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;IEEE Internet of Things Journal&lt;/i&gt;, In press, &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1109/jiot.2026.3671698"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;10.1109/jiot.2026.3671698&amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
            <idno type="halRef">IEEE Internet of Things Journal, In press, &amp;#x27E8;10.1109/jiot.2026.3671698&amp;#x27E9;</idno>
            <availability status="restricted">
              <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/">CC BY-NC-ND 4.0 - Attribution - Non-commercial use - No Derivative Works<ref corresp="#file-5613073-4811918"/></licence>
            </availability>
          </publicationStmt>
          <seriesStmt>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENS-PARIS">Ecole Normale Supérieure de Paris</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="CNRS">CNRS - Centre national de la recherche scientifique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PSL">Université Paris sciences et lettres</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="SORBONNE-UNIVERSITE">Sorbonne Université</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="SORBONNE-UNIV" corresp="SORBONNE-UNIVERSITE">Sorbonne Université 01/01/2018</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="LPENS" corresp="ENS-PARIS">Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIVERSITE-PARIS" corresp="UNIV-PARIS">Université Paris Cité</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UP-SCIENCES">Université Paris Cité - Faculté des Sciences</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ENS-PSL" corresp="PSL">École normale supérieure - PSL</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="SU-TI">Sorbonne Université - Texte Intégral</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ANR">ANR</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ALLIANCE-SU"> Alliance Sorbonne Université</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ANR-IA-23" corresp="ANR-IA">ANR-IA-23</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="ANR-IA">ANR-IA</idno>
          </seriesStmt>
          <notesStmt>
            <note type="audience" n="2">International</note>
            <note type="popular" n="0">No</note>
            <note type="peer" n="1">Yes</note>
          </notesStmt>
          <sourceDesc>
            <biblStruct>
              <analytic>
                <title xml:lang="en">Wavelet Scattering Transform and Fourier Representation for Offline Detection of Malicious Clients in Federated Learning</title>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Alessandro</forename>
                    <surname>Licciardi</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">3f81a7e48e36d4ec205431117ed826fc</email>
                  <email type="domain">polito.it</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1676850</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">3335875-1676850</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0009-0006-8428-3408</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-443215"/>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-24760"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Davide</forename>
                    <surname>Leo</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">4118915-0</idno>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Davide</forename>
                    <surname>Carbone</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">3335876-0</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1004932"/>
                </author>
              </analytic>
              <monogr>
                <idno type="halJournalId" status="VALID">104419</idno>
                <idno type="issn">2372-2541</idno>
                <idno type="eissn">2327-4662</idno>
                <title level="j">IEEE Internet of Things Journal</title>
                <imprint>
                  <publisher>IEEE</publisher>
                  <date type="datePub" subtype="inPress">2026</date>
                  <date type="dateEpub">2026-03-06</date>
                </imprint>
              </monogr>
              <idno type="arxiv">2506.09674</idno>
              <idno type="doi">10.1109/jiot.2026.3671698</idno>
            </biblStruct>
          </sourceDesc>
          <profileDesc>
            <langUsage>
              <language ident="en">English</language>
            </langUsage>
            <textClass>
              <keywords scheme="author">
                <term xml:lang="en">Federated Learning</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Wavelet Scattering Transform</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Offline Detection</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Anomaly Detection</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Signal Processing</term>
              </keywords>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="info.info-lg">Computer Science [cs]/Machine Learning [cs.LG]</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="info.info-cr">Computer Science [cs]/Cryptography and Security [cs.CR]</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="info.info-dc">Computer Science [cs]/Distributed, Parallel, and Cluster Computing [cs.DC]</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="info.info-ts">Computer Science [cs]/Signal and Image Processing</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halOldTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTreeTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
            </textClass>
            <abstract xml:lang="en">
              <p>Federated Learning (FL) enables the training of machine learning models across decentralized clients while preserving data privacy. However, the presence of anomalous or corrupted clients-such as those with faulty sensors or non-representative data distributions-can significantly degrade model performance. Detecting such clients without accessing raw data remains a key challenge. We propose Waffle (Wavelet and Fourier representations for Federated Learning), a detection algorithm that labels malicious clients before training, using locally computed compressed representations derived from either the Wavelet Scattering Transform (WST) or the Fourier Transform. Both approaches provide low-dimensional, task-agnostic embeddings suitable for unsupervised client separation. A lightweight detector, trained on a distilled public dataset, performs the labeling with minimal communication and computational overhead. While both transforms enable effective detection, WST offers theoretical advantages, such as non-invertibility and stability to local deformations, that make it particularly well-suited to federated scenarios. Experiments on benchmark datasets demonstrate that our method improves both detection accuracy and downstream classification performance compablack to existing FL anomaly detection algorithms, validating its effectiveness as an offline alternative to online detection strategies.</p>
            </abstract>
          </profileDesc>
        </biblFull>
      </listBibl>
    </body>
    <back>
      <listOrg type="structures">
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-443215" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Department of Mathematical Sciences [Torino]</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">DISMA</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 - 10129 Torino</addrLine>
              <country key="IT"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.disma.polito.it/en/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-6571" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-24760" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare, Sezione di Torino</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">INFN, Sezione di Torino</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Via P. Giuria 1 10125 TORINO</addrLine>
              <country key="IT"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.to.infn.it/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-300039" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="researchteam" xml:id="struct-1004932" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Systèmes Désordonnés et Applications</orgName>
          <date type="start">2020-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>LPENS (UMR 8023) -Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL -24 rue Lhomond -75005 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.lpens.ens.psl.eu/recherche/phystat/equipe-07/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-1004921" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-413221" type="indirect"/>
            <relation name="UMR8023" active="#struct-441569" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-557826" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1136774" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-59704" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-564132" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-6571" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">034390626</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000419370343</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/00bgk9508</idno>
          <orgName>Politecnico di Torino = Polytechnic of Turin</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">Polito</orgName>
          <date type="start">1859-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Politecnico di Torino - Corso Duca degli Abruzzi, 24 10129 Torino</addrLine>
              <country key="IT"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.polito.it/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-300039" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">030216397</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/005ta0471</idno>
          <idno type="Wikidata">Q1674876</idno>
          <orgName>Istituto Nazionale di Fisica Nucleare = National Institute for Nuclear Physics [Rome]</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">INFN</orgName>
          <date type="start">1951-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>40 Via Enrico Fermi, 00044 Frascati, Italie</addrLine>
              <country key="IT"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.infn.it/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-1004921" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">192153935</idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">201922973T</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/03a26mh11</idno>
          <orgName>Laboratoire de physique de l'ENS - ENS Paris</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">LPENS</orgName>
          <date type="start">2020-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>24, rue Lhomond75005 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.lpens.ens.psl.eu/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-413221" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="UMR8023" active="#struct-441569" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-557826" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1136774" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-59704" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-564132" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-413221" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">221333754</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02en5vm52</idno>
          <orgName>Sorbonne Université</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">SU</orgName>
          <date type="start">2018-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>21 rue de l’École de médecine - 75006 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.sorbonne-universite.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-441569" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">02636817X</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000122597504</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02feahw73</idno>
          <orgName>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CNRS</orgName>
          <date type="start">1939-10-19</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-557826" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">236453505</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000 0004 7885 7602</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/05f82e368</idno>
          <orgName>Université Paris Cité</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UPCité</orgName>
          <date type="start">2020-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>85 boulevard Saint-Germain75006 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://u-paris.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="regrouplaboratory" xml:id="struct-1136774" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Département de Physique de l'ENS-PSL</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>24 rue Lhomond, 75005 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.phys.ens.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-59704" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-564132" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-59704" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">031738419</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000123532622</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/05a0dhs15</idno>
          <orgName>École normale supérieure - Paris</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">ENS-PSL</orgName>
          <date type="start">1985-07-24</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>45, Rue d'Ulm - 75230 Paris cedex 05</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.ens.psl.eu/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-564132" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-564132" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">241597595</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000 0004 1784 3645</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/013cjyk83</idno>
          <orgName>Université Paris Sciences et Lettres</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">PSL</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>60 rue Mazarine 75006 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.psl.eu/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
      <listOrg type="projects">
        <org type="anrProject" xml:id="projanr-185715" status="VALID">
          <idno type="anr">ANR-23-IACL-0008</idno>
          <orgName>PR[AI]RIE-PSAI</orgName>
          <desc>PR[AI]RIE-PSAI - Paris School of Artificial Intelligence</desc>
          <date type="start">2023</date>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
  </text>
</TEI>