Rolling-sliding rubber-ice friction: A thermomechanical analysis
Résumé
Friction at the rubber-ice interface arises from bulk and interfacial dissipations due to adhesion, viscoelasticity and heating. In this work, the coupling between these contributions was examined experimentally for the first time for rolling-sliding contact kinematics before being addressed through a thermal model. Experiments covered entrainment velocities from 50 µm.s -1 to 1 m.s -1 and environmental temperatures from -5 • C to -21 • C, with a slide-to-roll ratio up to 15%. Force measurements were associated with in situ / in operando simultaneous optical imaging of the apparent contact area. Silica-filled SBR elastomers with shear moduli varying from 1 to 8 MPa were used in a rubbery state. The total tangential force was discussed in terms of rolling and sliding contributions. The sliding contribution dominates the energy dissipation. The apparent shear stress (sliding component) revealed a low-velocity adhesive-viscoelastic regime and, near the ice melting point, a frictional maximum followed by a decline consistent with previously published results on pure-sliding behavior and potential local melting. At lower temperatures, the peak shifted beyond the accessible velocity range. The dissipated power per unit apparent area was calculated: all these data collapsed when plotted against a kinematic length scale in the ice frame, regardless of the environmental conditions, to follow a robust power law whose prefactor depended on temperature and stiness. Extending a pure-sliding thermal model to rolling-sliding by treating both bodies as moving heat sources provided the average contact temperature at the rubberice interface. We showed that a velocity-rescaled, dimensionless average contact temperature collapsed onto a single master curve for both rolling-sliding and pure-sliding contact kinematics. These results demonstrate that rolling-sliding modifies the effective thermal severity but preserves the underlying adhesive-viscoelastic and frictional-heating mechanisms, providing a unified framework for rubber-ice interfacial dissipation under realistic kinematics.
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