Archaeometric studies on the evolution of ceramic fabrics in the long-lived production site of Medamud (Egypt)
Résumé
Despite the growing interest in archaeometric approaches, ceramic production sites in Egypt have received relatively little attention from a technological perspective. This study focuses on a specialized production centre, Medamud, dedicated to calcareous ceramic fabrics, a distinctive feature of Egyptian pottery. These well-known calcareous fabrics represent a very wide spread production feature of Egyptian pottery. The site, active for over 2000 years, demonstrates a remarkable continuity and adaptation in ceramic manufacturing. The exceptional long-term continuity of production (1800 BC – 400 AC) is accompanied by a dynamic evolution in ceramic manufacture. The production repertoire is highly diversified, encompassing tableware, large storage containers, and above all, decorated ceramics, which provide insight into aesthetic and functional trends over time. Marl fabrics have been only described and classified through a macroscopic approach, however cross correlating this classification with archaeometric studies represents a real challenge. For that, petrographic and pXRF analyses reveal shifts in fabric preparation techniques, temper selection, and firing conditions. The results reflect both technological advancements and responses to economic or environmental factors. The sampling comprises 50 specimens of clay raw material and both fired and unfired ceramic sherds, selected based on typological, functional, chronological and macroscopic observations criteria. Recent excavations have uncovered well-preserved workshop areas, including raw material processing zones, fabric preparation installations, and kilns, allowing for a comprehensive reconstruction of the chaîne opératoire. The combination of archaeological and archaeometric data provides a unique opportunity to examine the resilience and adaptability of this production system, shedding light on the long-term management of ceramic resources in Egypt. Although, the ceramic production of the site of Medamud has ended, the Theban region is still known for its marl pottery productions. In addition, the authors have documented the workshops that are still operational in order to compare the modus operandi and the sources of the clay raw material.