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                <title level="j">Karstologia</title>
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              <p>A brief history of 3D in cave. The cave (or the underground network), an object that is expressed in 3D, is traditionally represented in plan and section. However with the first topographic projects, this type of representation has met with the necessary simplification of the exercise. So early emerges original methods of 3D visualization (models, anaglyph, blockdiagram). From the 1980s, the development of photographic and informatic tools allows the appearance of first photogrammetric works. At the same time and in the 1990s, caving data processing software appear, becoming more efficient and give 3D images of caves. For twenty years, laser scanners go in caves and propose high resolution models that renew 3D image of the caves. Today, several techniques coexist and complement each other. Those techniques give a paradoxically never successful and satisfactory representation of the underground karst. All want to offer the most accurate image (in mathematical and aesthetic sense) of underground worlds.</p>
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              <p>Objet qui s’exprime en 3D, la grotte (ou le réseau souterrain) est traditionnellement représentée en plan, en coupe, en sections. Cependant dès les premiers projets topographiques, ce type de représentation s’est heurté à la nécessaire simplification qu’impose l’exercice. Aussi c’est assez précocement qu’apparaissent des méthodes originales de visualisation 3D (maquettes, anaglyphes, blocsdiagrammes). À partir des années 1980, le développement des outils photographiques et infographiques autorise l’apparition de premiers travaux photogrammétriques. Dans le même temps et dans les années 1990, les logiciels de traitement de données spéléologiques filaires apparaissent, deviennent de plus en plus performants et proposent des images 3D de grottes. Depuis une vingtaine d’années, les scanners laser entrent sous terre et proposent des modèles denses qui renouvellent l’image 3D des grottes. De fait aujourd’hui, plusieurs techniques coexistent et se complètent pour poursuivre l’oeuvre commune d’une représentation paradoxalement jamais aboutie et satisfaisante des mondes souterrains. Mais toutes cherchent à proposer une image la plus juste (au sens mathématique comme au sens esthétique) des mondes souterrains.</p>
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