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              <p>With as many as 2000 satellites per year forecast to be launched over the next decade, onboard propulsion systems will become increasingly important for ensuring both mission success and a sustainable space environment. Plasma-based electric propulsion systems are particularly attractive because of their high fuel efficiency, but due to challenges with conventional propellants such as xenon, a strong interest in viable alternatives has emerged. One such alternative is iodine, which in addition to space-based applications, is also of use in a number of ground-based industrial applications such as plasma etching. With a lower cost, higher global production output, and a reduced ionization threshold compared with xenon, iodine has the potential to meet current and future space industry demand while also providing improved propulsion performance. Furthermore, iodine is a solid at typical ambient conditions with a high storage density. However, iodine is chemically reactive with many common materials and has a more complex plasma chemistry that includes molecular dissociation, attachment to form negative ions, and several ionization processes creating positive atomic and molecular ions. This topical review provides a comprehensive overview of iodine within the context of plasma applications and also serves as a useful data source for various thermodynamic properties, collision cross-sections, and iodine-surface interactions. In addition to discussing the physical and atomic/molecular properties of iodine, we also highlight important theoretical, numerical, and experimental work in the field and discuss the current state-of-the-art: including the space flight heritage of iodine-fueled propulsion systems and remaining research/technical challenges.</p>
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