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              <p>The use of holographic reconfigurable surfaces (RHSs) for energy efficiency (EE) maximization in MIMO links is studied. Two RHSs are considered, one at the transmitter and one at the receiver, and their reflection coefficients are optimized together with the beamforming structure. The optimization of the two RHSs is carried out in closed-form, assuming a single data stream is transmitted. The performance of the proposed optimization is analyzed numerically, revealing that the use of RHSs can provide significantly higher EE compared to massive antenna arrays, while still providing satisfactory performance in terms of achievable rate.</p>
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