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              <p>Giant double-stranded DNA viruses profoundly influence algal populationdynamics, yet their interactions with co-infecting mobile elements remain poorlyunderstood. Here, we describe a natural tripartite infection system in the marineunicellular alga Tetraselmis striata, where a newly isolated giant virus, Oceanusviruslionense (TetV-2), triggers the productive replication of multiple polinton-like viruses(PLVs). One PLV (Tsv-S2b) was co-isolated from the same seawater sample, while twoothers (Tsv-S2a and Tsv-S3b) derive from endogenous elements integrated in the algalgenome. These PLVs depend strictly on TetV-2 for propagation and exert a virophage-like effect, reducing TetV-2 yields in a dose-dependent manner. Comparative genomicsshows that virophagic PLVs retain a conserved structural module but harbor divergentreplication and integration genes, supporting modular evolution of the PLV lineage.The reactivation of integrated PLVs mirrors the behavior of endogenous virophages inCafeteria burkhardae, suggesting that specific Oceanusvirus–PLV compatibilitiesgovern reactivation. This work provides direct evidence that integrated PLVs in greenalgae can transition to a virophage lifestyle upon infection by a giant virus,highlighting an inducible antiviral defense mechanism within photosynthetic protists.</p>
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