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                <term xml:lang="en">Crystal plasticity</term>
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              <p>The viscoplastic behaviour of synthetic porous microstructures is simulated using a crystal plasticity law.• The stress exponent is sensitive to both solid fraction and intercrystalline surface area.• The stress exponent is governed by the geometric frustration of the crystals caused by their neighbours.• We clarify the transitions in viscoplastic behaviour with varying porosity, avoiding the need for additional mechanisms like grain boundary sliding.AbstractPorous polycrystals are composed of pores and sintered crystals. Understanding their viscoplastic behaviour is crucial for predictingthe mechanical performance of manufactured materials or the evolution of geological components. Their viscoplasticity intuitivelydepends on the shape of the solid matrix and how it is divided into individual crystals. Previous studies have primarily focusedon limiting cases with low porosities or extreme pore-to-crystal size ratios. In this study, we use numerical full-field simulationson three-dimensional porous microstructures, combined with a crystal plasticity model, to explore how polycrystal viscoplasticityis affected by both geometric and crystalline structures. We use ice and its porous form, snow, as model materials. Our findingsdemonstrate that the homogenized strain rate ˙ϵ fits a power law of stress σ as ˙ϵ =  σσ0ns−1 with σ0 the reference stress and nthe stress exponent. Notably, we show that the reference stress is determined solely by the geometric structure, while the stressexponent is influenced by both the geometric and crystalline structures. Specifically, the stress exponent is governed by the geometricfrustration of the crystals caused by their neighbours, which modulates dislocation creep across different slip systems. By definingthe pore-to-crystal size ratio as the area ratio between the crystal boundary and the free surface, we provide a coherent framework forunderstanding these interactions. This study clarifies the transitions in viscoplastic behaviour with varying porosity, avoiding theneed for additional mechanisms and offering valuable insights into porous polycrystal viscoplasticity.</p>
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