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            <note type="commentary">Data and code availability: The raw GBS data were available in the NCBI Sequence Read Archive (from references Brenton et al. 2016 ; Lasky et al., 2015 ; Yu et al., 2016 ). The vcf file containing the filtered SNPs and the passport data of the accessions analyzed in the study are publicly available on the CIRAD Dataverse repository, under the doi identifier: 10.18167/DVN1/SAAMUT v2 (Gilabert et al. 2025 ). The R scripts for the analyses performed in the study are available on the CIRAD gitlab plateform (https://gitlab.cirad.fr/agap/sorgho/africrop_sorghum). Supplementary material is available online in the CIRAD Dataverse repository (https://doi.org/10.18167/DVN1/SAAMUT v2; Gilabert et al. 2025 ).Acknowledgment: We acknowledge the following bioinformatic facilities for providing HPC resources and support: the Core Cluster of the Institut Français de Bioinformatique, the MESO@LR-Platform at the University of Montpellier and the INRAE MIGALE bioinformatics facility (MIGALE, INRAE, 2020. Migale bioinformatics Facility, doi: 10.15454/1.5572390655343293E12).</note>
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              <classCode scheme="vocinrae" n="c_9736">species dispersion</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="vocinrae" n="c_3331">sorghum</classCode>
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              <p>Archaeobotanical evidence suggests that the beginning of cultivation and emergence of domesticated sorghum was located in eastern Sudan during the fourth millennium BCE. Here, we used a genomic approach, together with archaeobotanical and ethnolinguistic data, to refine the spatial and temporal origin and the spread of cultivated sorghum in Africa. We built a probability map of the origin of sorghum domestication in Eastern Africa using genomic data and spatial Bayesian models. The origin was located in Eastern Sudan and Western Ethiopia, in perfect concordance with recent archaeobotanical evidence. Calibrated on archaeological remains, our genomic-based model suggests that the beginning of the expansion of sorghum agriculture took place around 4,600 years ago. Spread of sorghum cultivation led to a sorghum population structure fitting ethnolinguistic groups at different scales, suggesting that human social groups and sorghum populations co-diffused. Consequently, ethnolinguistic barriers and social preferences, as well as adaptation to specific climate zones, have contributed to structuring domesticated sorghum diversity during its diffusion.</p>
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