<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:hal="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/" xmlns:gmlce="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce" version="1.1" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0 http://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/documents/aofr-sword.xsd">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>HAL TEI export of hal-05263333</title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
        <availability status="restricted">
          <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0 - Universal</licence>
        </availability>
        <date when="2026-05-02T00:48:05+02:00"/>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p part="N">HAL API Platform</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblFull>
          <titleStmt>
            <title xml:lang="en">Relevance of displacement softening model in discrete element method to investigate structural and grain size scaling effect</title>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Ran</forename>
                <surname>Zhu</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">1562923-0</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1088548"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Syed Yasir</forename>
                <surname>Alam</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">616444-0</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1088548"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Ahmed</forename>
                <surname>Loukili</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">b69910f65e5575ffed002c7108aca029</email>
              <email type="domain">ec-nantes.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">ahmed-loukili</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">939723</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">374636-939723</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7921-2740</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1088548"/>
            </author>
            <editor role="depositor">
              <persName>
                <forename>Mathias</forename>
                <surname>Legrand</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">ffcb48ad643d28bacba8c1287c93bce7</email>
              <email type="domain">ec-nantes.fr</email>
            </editor>
          </titleStmt>
          <editionStmt>
            <edition n="v1" type="current">
              <date type="whenSubmitted">2025-12-21 22:53:21</date>
              <date type="whenModified">2025-12-22 09:05:50</date>
              <date type="whenReleased">2025-12-22 09:05:50</date>
              <date type="whenProduced">2023-02</date>
              <date type="whenEndEmbargoed">2025-12-21</date>
              <ref type="file" target="https://hal.science/hal-05263333v1/document">
                <date notBefore="2025-12-21"/>
              </ref>
              <ref type="file" subtype="author" n="1" target="https://hal.science/hal-05263333v1/file/Zhu2022.pdf" id="file-5428174-4644560">
                <date notBefore="2025-12-21"/>
              </ref>
            </edition>
            <respStmt>
              <resp>contributor</resp>
              <name key="109149">
                <persName>
                  <forename>Mathias</forename>
                  <surname>Legrand</surname>
                </persName>
                <email type="md5">ffcb48ad643d28bacba8c1287c93bce7</email>
                <email type="domain">ec-nantes.fr</email>
              </name>
            </respStmt>
          </editionStmt>
          <publicationStmt>
            <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
            <idno type="halId">hal-05263333</idno>
            <idno type="halUri">https://hal.science/hal-05263333</idno>
            <idno type="halBibtex">zhu:hal-05263333</idno>
            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics&lt;/i&gt;, 2023, 123, pp.103706. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.tafmec.2022.103706"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;10.1016/j.tafmec.2022.103706&amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
            <idno type="halRef">Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics, 2023, 123, pp.103706. &amp;#x27E8;10.1016/j.tafmec.2022.103706&amp;#x27E9;</idno>
            <availability status="restricted">
              <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/">CC BY-NC 4.0 - Attribution - Non-commercial use<ref corresp="#file-5428174-4644560"/></licence>
            </availability>
          </publicationStmt>
          <seriesStmt>
            <idno type="stamp" n="CNRS">CNRS - Centre national de la recherche scientifique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="EC-NANTES">Ecole Centrale de Nantes</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNAM">l'unam - université nantes angers le mans</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="GEM"> Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="NANTES-UNIVERSITE">Nantes Université</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="NANTES-UNIV">Nantes Université</idno>
          </seriesStmt>
          <notesStmt>
            <note type="audience" n="2">International</note>
            <note type="popular" n="0">No</note>
            <note type="peer" n="1">Yes</note>
          </notesStmt>
          <sourceDesc>
            <biblStruct>
              <analytic>
                <title xml:lang="en">Relevance of displacement softening model in discrete element method to investigate structural and grain size scaling effect</title>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Ran</forename>
                    <surname>Zhu</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">1562923-0</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1088548"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Syed Yasir</forename>
                    <surname>Alam</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">616444-0</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1088548"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Ahmed</forename>
                    <surname>Loukili</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">b69910f65e5575ffed002c7108aca029</email>
                  <email type="domain">ec-nantes.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">ahmed-loukili</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">939723</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">374636-939723</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7921-2740</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1088548"/>
                </author>
              </analytic>
              <monogr>
                <idno type="halJournalId" status="VALID">19590</idno>
                <idno type="issn">0167-8442</idno>
                <title level="j">Theoretical and Applied Fracture Mechanics</title>
                <imprint>
                  <publisher>Elsevier</publisher>
                  <biblScope unit="volume">123</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="pp">103706</biblScope>
                  <date type="datePub">2023-02</date>
                </imprint>
              </monogr>
              <idno type="doi">10.1016/j.tafmec.2022.103706</idno>
            </biblStruct>
          </sourceDesc>
          <profileDesc>
            <langUsage>
              <language ident="en">English</language>
            </langUsage>
            <textClass>
              <keywords scheme="author">
                <term xml:lang="en">Concrete</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Fracture</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Aggregate effect</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Softening model</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Discrete element method</term>
              </keywords>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="spi">Engineering Sciences [physics]</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halOldTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTreeTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
            </textClass>
            <abstract xml:lang="en">
              <p>A local crack opening displacement softening model is used in the framework of discrete element method to investigate the fracture propagation and post-peak behaviour of concrete that remains a problem in the linear parallel bond model. Modelling approach is validated for mechanical behaviour by three-point bending tests on mortar and concrete. The numerical fracture propagation is compared with the damage pattern obtained using acoustic emission and digital image correlation techniques. In the three phase concrete microstructure, a comprehensive approach is used to determine the model parameters from laboratory tests and literature. The model is then applied to study the variation of aggregate size on fracture behaviour using three different concretes where only aggregate sizes were scaled. The results are compared with experiments. The model is further tested to investigate effect of specimen size and compared with experimental results. It is shown that softening model in DEM can effectively reproduce concrete behaviour and complex fracture process.</p>
            </abstract>
          </profileDesc>
        </biblFull>
      </listBibl>
    </body>
    <back>
      <listOrg type="structures">
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-1088548" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">198448449</idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">200412238P</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">03x30hb31</idno>
          <orgName>Institut de Recherche en Génie Civil et Mécanique</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">GeM</orgName>
          <date type="start">2022-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>1, rue de la Noë BP92101 44321 Nantes cedex 3</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://gem.ec-nantes.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation name="UMR6183" active="#struct-441569" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1086798" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1083366" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1088543" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1083400" type="indirect"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1088613" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1088614" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-441569" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">02636817X</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000122597504</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02feahw73</idno>
          <orgName>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CNRS</orgName>
          <date type="start">1939-10-19</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-1086798" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">03063525X</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000122039289</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/03nh7d505</idno>
          <orgName>NANTES UNIVERSITÉ - École Centrale de Nantes</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">Nantes Univ - ECN</orgName>
          <date type="start">2022-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>1 rue de la Noë - BP 92101 - 44321 Nantes cedex 3</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.ec-nantes.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-1083366" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-1083366" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">258086599</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/03gnr7b55</idno>
          <orgName>Nantes Université</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">Nantes Univ</orgName>
          <date type="start">2022-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="regrouplaboratory" xml:id="struct-1088543" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Nantes université - UFR des Sciences et des Techniques</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">Nantes univ -  UFR ST</orgName>
          <date type="start">2022-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>2, rue de la Houssinière - BP 92208 - 44322 Nantes cedex 3</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.sciences-techniques.univ-nantes.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-1083400" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1083366" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-1083400" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Nantes Université - pôle Sciences et technologie</orgName>
          <date type="start">2022-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://nouvelleuniversite.univ-nantes.fr/les-poles</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-1083366" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regrouplaboratory" xml:id="struct-1088613" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">034840060</idno>
          <orgName>Nantes Université - Institut Universitaire de Technologie Saint-Nazaire</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">Nantes Univ - IUT Saint-Nazaire</orgName>
          <date type="start">2022-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>58 rue Michel Ange - 44600 St Nazaire</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.iutsn.univ-nantes.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-1083400" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1083366" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="regrouplaboratory" xml:id="struct-1088614" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">068449399</idno>
          <orgName>Nantes Université - Ecole Polytechnique de l'Université de Nantes</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">Nantes Univ - EPUN</orgName>
          <date type="start">2022-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Campus Chantrerie : Rue Christian Pauc - CS 50609 - 44306 Nantes Cedex 3Campus Gavy : Gavy Océanis -  CS 70152 - 44603 Saint-Nazaire CedexCampus Courtaisière : 18 Boulevard Gaston Defferre - 85035 La Roche-sur-Yon Cedex</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://web.polytech.univ-nantes.fr/l-ecole/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-1083400" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-1083366" type="indirect"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
  </text>
</TEI>