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                <term xml:lang="en">Antimicrobial resistance</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Pregnancy</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Cirrhosis</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Neurogenic bladder</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Renal transplant</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Diabetes</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Immunodeficiency</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Asymptomatic bacteriuria</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Antibiotic treatment</term>
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              <p>&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; Immunosuppression refers to a functional or quantitative reduction in immune defenses, resulting in a diminished ability to combat microbial pathogens. Immunocompromised patients are at increased risk of severe infections, associated with elevated morbidity and mortality. In routine clinical practice, urine cultures are often performed systematically in patients considered at risk of infection, regardless of urinary symptoms, with the aim of detecting and subsequently treating potential asymptomatic bacteriuria. This study aimed to assess the clinical relevance of screening for and potentially treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in immunocompromised individuals.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Materials and methods:&lt;/b&gt; A comprehensive literature search was conducted using PubMed and Medline, without restrictions on language or year of publication. This was complemented by an exploration of the scientific grey literature, including expert reports and guidelines from professional societies. Studies were selected using the following keywords: antibiotic treatment, urinary tract infection, asymptomatic bacteriuria, bacteriuria, pyelonephritis, cystitis, immunodeficiency, diabetes, renal transplant, neurogenic bladder, cirrhosis, pregnancy, and antimicrobial resistance. All abstracts and full-text articles were reviewed. The synthesis of the findings was subsequently evaluated by members of the CIAFU expert committee, who formulated the most consensual recommendation possible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Results:&lt;/b&gt; Across the reviewed literature, no clear benefit was identified in screening for or treating asymptomatic bacteriuria in immunocompromised patients.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; It is not recommended to screen for or treat asymptomatic bacteriuria in immunocompromised patients, except in specific, well-established scenarios. Treating asymptomatic bacteriuria does not reduce infection risk; rather, it increases the likelihood of adverse effects and contributes to the development of antimicrobial resistance, with its associated morbidity and mortality.</p>
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              <p>&lt;b&gt;Introduction:&lt;/b&gt; L’immunodépression, est la réduction des défenses immunitaires et donc l’incapacité à se défendre vis-à-vis d’un microorganisme. Les patients immunodéprimés ont un risque accru d’infections graves avec une morbi-mortalité plus importante. En pratique courante, des ECBU sont réalisés à titre systématique, en dehors de toute symptomatologie urinaire, chez ces patients jugés à risque infectieux, dans le but de dépister puis traiter une éventuelle colonisation urinaire. L’objectif de ce travail était de statuer sur l’intérêt de dépister et éventuellement traiter la colonisation urinaire chez les patients considérés comme immunodéprimés.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Matériels et méthodes:&lt;/b&gt; Une recherche bibliographique a été effectué sur Pubmed et Medline sans exclusion du langage ou de l’année de publication, associée à une recherche dans la littérature grise scientifique (rapports d’experts et de sociétés savantes). Nous avons sélectionné les études en utilisant les mots clés antibiotic treatment, urinary tract infection, asymptomatic bacteriuria, bacteriuria, pyelonephritis, cystitis, immunodeficiency, diabetes, renal transplant, neurogenic bladder, cirrhosis, pregnancy, antimicrobial resistance. L’ensemble des résumés et articles ont été analysés. La synthèse de l’analyse a été revue par des membres du comité d’experts du CIAFU proposant la recommandation la plus consensuelle possible.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Résultats:&lt;/b&gt; Dans les articles étudiés, l’intérêt à dépister ou traiter une colonisation urinaire chez les patients immunodéprimés n’a pas été mis en évidence.&lt;br /&gt;&lt;b&gt;Conclusion:&lt;/b&gt; Au total, il est recommandé de ne pas dépister ni traiter une colonisation urinaire chez le patient immunodéprimé en dehors des situations déjà décrites. Traiter une bactériurie asymptomatique ne permet pas de réduire le risque infectieux mais présente au contraire un risque d’effets indésirables et contribue à l’aggravation de l’antibiorésistance et de la morbi-mortalité liée à celle-ci.</p>
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