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            <title xml:lang="en">Dual-fungal Bioconversion Model for Ethanol Production from Agro-waste Using Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger</title>
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            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;Asian Journal of Microbiology, Biotechnology and Environmental Sciences&lt;/i&gt;, 2025, 10 (2), pp.34-43</idno>
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                <title xml:lang="en">Dual-fungal Bioconversion Model for Ethanol Production from Agro-waste Using Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger</title>
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                    <forename type="first">Sonia</forename>
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              <p>The exponential generation of agro-industrial waste in India estimated at over 350 million metric tons annually poses a dual threat of environmental degradation and missed valorization opportunities. While rich in cellulose and hemicellulose, the complex lignocellulosic matrix of such biomass limits its direct fermentability. In this study, a decentralized, fungal-only bioconversion model is proposed for sustainable ethanol production using Trichoderma viride and Aspergillus niger, both isolated from pond and compost niches due to their adaptation to high organic stress environments. The biomass matrix comprising fruit pulp, sugarcane bagasse, and vegetable residues was pretreated via overnight soaking in 10% H₂SO₄ followed by a 5-minute steam explosion at 180 °C and 1.2 MPa, leading to effective delignification and the release of 42.6 g/L of fermentable sugars. Fungal enzymatic hydrolysis was enhanced by the addition of 0.5% carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), which improved matrix loosening and enzyme substrate interaction. Fermentation was carried out by an ethanol-tolerant Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain, isolated from dried fig, under semi-anaerobic conditions at 32 °C. The process achieved a final ethanol yield of 10.6% (v/v), with a pH drop from 6.2 to 4.8 and refractive index stabilization at 1.341, confirming active fermentation. Viability tests revealed sustained fungal growth (2-1 × 10⁷ CFU/mL) after 30 days, confirming that the process is biologically stable and potentially reusable.Comparative analysis against previous bacterial fungal systems showed that this dual-fungal consortium offers superior substrate adaptability, reduced contamination risk, and higher ethanol recovery from heterogeneous feedstock. The approach avoids commercial enzyme dependency and high-energy demands, offering a low-cost, modular strategy aligned with India’s bioenergy and circular economy goals. Although this study focused on ethanol generation, the fungal-rich residue presents additional potential for biofertilizer applications reserved for future work.</p>
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