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            <title xml:lang="fr">Artisans ou marchands : la draperie médiévale de l’Italie à la Normandie</title>
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                <forename type="first">Jean-louis</forename>
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            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIROUEN">Université de Rouen Normandie</idno>
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                <title xml:lang="fr">Artisans ou marchands : la draperie médiévale de l’Italie à la Normandie</title>
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                <title level="j">Revue historique</title>
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                  <biblScope unit="volume">n° 695</biblScope>
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              <p>Historians have long believed that, in medieval wool drapery, the putting-out system, or Verlagssystem, dominated. The great merchant-entrepreneur could alone control all the operations, reducing craftsmen to the status of wage earners. Italy served as a model. But it was probably an exception. Elsewhere, weavers were often asked to choose either to work for a merchant or to become a draper, taking on a role of craftsman-entrepreneur. They would then sell their cloth to a merchant: this is known as the Kaufsystem. The example of the Rouen region helps us to clarify the role of merchants, their involvement in production, and their influence on the rural drapery business in general. It also allows us to look at the reality of the control by merchants, the financing of the businesses, the dispersion of production, and the role played by the poor people involved in drapery, who lived from cloth to cloth. An important point to look at is the size of the businesses. This “small commodity production” seems to have been the dominant form. To compare this model with the “bazaar economy” gives a better picture of how it functioned: wide availability of credit, inversion of hierarchies, multiplicity of transactions, and particularly good flexibility in the organization of work, which involved credit and a wage system. The putting-out system was not the only path to the Industrial Revolution.</p>
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              <p>Les historiens ont longtemps pensé que, dans la draperie de laine médiévale, la manufacture dispersée, le Verlagssystem , dominait. Le grand marchand entrepreneur pouvait seul contrôler l’ensemble des opérations, réduisant les artisans au rang de salariés. L’Italie servait de modèle. Mais elle est sans doute une exception. Ailleurs, on demande souvent au tisserand de choisir, ou travailler pour un marchand ou se faire lui-même drapier : l’artisan entrepreneur existe. Il vend alors son drap à un marchand : c’est le Kaufsystem . La région rouennaise permet d’approcher la réalité du contrôle négociant, le financement des entreprises, le côté éclaté de la production et le rôle des pauvres gens de la draperie, qui vont d’un drap à l’autre. La question posée est alors celle de la taille des entreprises. Cette small commodity production semble bien être la forme dominante. Confronter ce modèle avec celui de « l’économie du bazar » permet d’en éclairer davantage son fonctionnement : omniprésence du crédit, inversion des hiérarchies, multiplicité des transactions, formes particulièrement flexibles de l’organisation du travail qui mêlent crédit et salariat. La manufacture dispersée n’était pas le seul chemin, ni le tout du chemin, vers la révolution industrielle.</p>
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