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              <p>The deterioration of environmental conditions on allscales are front-page news daily, with reports on steadilyrising carbon dioxide (CO2) levels in the atmosphere, the aci-dification of the oceans, the disappearance of tropical forests,coastal flooding, the phenomenal decline in the diversity ofliving organisms due to contamination by numerous toxicsubstances, plastic pollution, the subsidence of cities, andearthquakes caused by the over-exploitation of groundwa-ter. Although the International Commission on Stratigraphyfinally decided in 2024 not to declare the Anthropocene anew geological period, the findings of the community ofscientists who study the Earth and life on Earth are indispu-table: human activity has reached geological proportions.This means that, not unlike mantle dynamics or variationsin solar radiation, human activities are influencing the partof the planet that humans inhabit and from which they drawresources to satisfy their needs. These activities are chan-ging the historical trajectory of this thin, fragile film of theplanet’s surface, with the risk that, in some places, it willno longer be habitable within one or a few generations. Themost concrete example of this is rising sea levels that are ofserious concern to entire countries.To inhabit means to reside in a particular place overa more or less extended period of time. Implicit in the verbare two notions central to the Earth sciences in the broadestsense: time and space; in other words, history and geogra-phy. Plants, animals and humans, as well as micro-organisms(Margulis, Sagan, 1997), live in places in time and space,transforming them into inhabited territories as soon as theyestablish long-term biochemical links and interactions.That is why the concept of planetary limits (Rockströmet al., 2009, updated by Steffen et al., 2015), intended todefine at global level the conditions necessary for the persis-tence of current human societies on Earth, needs to be putto the test in terms of territories. The challenge is to charac-terize and understand the various ways in which humans,organized into social groups, have inhabited different terri-tories in the past, currently inhabit them in present, and willinhabit them in the future. This knowledge will enable us toimagine ways of living in territories undergoing change. Thescience of habitability, the purpose of which is to developa collective understanding of habitability, makes an essen-tial contribution in this respect and is therefore of primeimportance today. Developing knowledge about habitabi-lity requires a combination of multiple temporal perspec-tives, from local to global, in spaces described as habitable.Such knowledge stems from interdisciplinary work aimedat understanding the conditions that will make it possibleto preserve the planet’s habitability. The approach is aretroactive one that involves adjustments, based on what islearnt and experienced. Habitability is thus redefined as theresult of strategies of mitigation, adaptation and transfor-mation aimed at respecting our planet’s limits and trajecto-ries. These strategies are based on socio-economic, health,scientific and political choices, as well as collective mobili-zation at different scales, along with different types of value(for example, climate and social justice) (Blanc et al., 2022).The challenge is to counter the trend towards increasing‘uninhabitability’ of territories – a neologism that reflectsthe lack of action despite the urgent need to act, and evenan acceleration of the catastrophe. This is synonymous withcollapse or with the risk of part of the population beingabandoned, even as promises of techno-scientific solutionssuch as carbon capture or green energy are publicized.</p>
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            <abstract xml:lang="fr">
              <p>Les unes des médias font quotidiennement état dela dégradation des conditions environnementales à toutesles échelles spatiales, qu’il s’agisse de l’augmentationcontinue de la teneur en gaz carbonique (CO2) de l’atmos-phère, de l’acidification des océans, de la disparition desforêts tropicales, des inondations côtières, de la baisse phé-noménale de la diversité des êtres vivants en lien avec lescontaminations par de nombreuses substances toxiques, dela pollution plastique, de la subsidence des villes ou desséismes causés par l’hyper-exploitation des nappes phréa-tiques. Si la commission internationale de stratigraphie afinalement décidé de ne pas faire de l’Anthropocène unenouvelle période géologique en 2024, le constat fait par lacommunauté des scientifiques qui étudient la Terre et lavie sur la Terre est sans appel. L’action humaine a atteintdes proportions géologiques : cela signifie que les activitéshumaines, au même titre que la dynamique mantellique oules variations de rayonnement solaire, influencent la partiede la planète que les humain.e.s habitent et dont il.elle.stirent les ressources nécessaires à la satisfaction de leursbesoins. Ces activités font/sont en train de faire bifurquerla trajectoire historique de cette fine pellicule fragile de sasurface, au risque que, par endroits, elle ne puisse plus êtrehabitable d’ici à une ou quelques générations, l’exemple leplus concret étant celui de la montée des eaux faisant dis-paraitre des îles-nations.Habiter évoque l’idée d’une résidence dans un endroitparticulier sur un plus ou moins long terme. Ce verbe mobi-lise deux notions centrales des sciences de la Terre ausens large : le temps et l’espace, autrement dit l’histoireet la géographie. Végétaux, animaux et humain∙e∙s, sansoublier les microorganismes (Margulis, Sagan, 1997), viventdans ces lieux dans le temps et dans l’espace, les transfor-mant en territoires habités dès lors qu’ils y tissent des lienset des interactions biochimiques sur le long terme.Pour cela, le concept des limites planétaires(Rockström et al., 2009, mis à jour par Steffen et al., 2015)qui travaille à définir à l’échelle globale les conditions néces-saires à la persistance des sociétés humaines actuelles surTerre doit être mis à l’épreuve des territoires. L’enjeu estde caractériser et comprendre les diverses manières expé-rimentées par les humain∙e∙s, organisé∙e∙s en groupessociaux, d’habiter différents territoires par le passé, auprésent et dans le futur. Ces connaissances donneront lepouvoir d’imaginer des manières d’habiter des territoiresen pleine mutation. Les sciences de l’habitabilité, dont l’ob-jectif est le développement d’une intelligence collective del’habitabilité, y contribuent essentiellement et sont doncde première importance aujourd’hui. Le développementde connaissances sur l’habitabilité requiert d’allier desperspectives temporelles plurielles, locales à globales, àdes espaces qualifiés d’habitables (ou d’inhabitables). Cessavoirs mobilisent l’interdisciplinarité pour comprendre lesconditions permettant de préserver l’habitabilité de la pla-nète, selon une démarche rétroactive consistant à corrigerselon les apprentissages et les expériences. L’habitabilité estalors redéfinie comme le résultat des stratégies d’atténua-tion, d’adaptation et de transformations visant à respecterles limites et trajectoires planétaires lesquels se déploient àpartir de choix socio-économiques, sanitaires, scientifiques,politiques et au gré des mobilisations collectives à diffé-rentes échelles et mobilisant différents types de valeurs (parexemple, le climat et la justice sociale) (Blanc et al., 2022).L’enjeu est de contrer la progression de l’« inhabitabilité »des territoires - néologisme qui rend compte du laisser-allerface à l’urgence à agir, au risque du délaissement d’unepartie de la population.</p>
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