Soot primary particle radial profiles in laminar diffusion flames for Jet A-1/SAF fuels: a SAXS study
Résumé
Sustainable aviation fuels (SAF) are designed to progressively replace conventional Jet A-1 fossil fuel, with documented lower soot emissions. However, detailed understanding of how SAF blending affects soot formation mechanisms remains limited. The present study employs Small-Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) to characterize soot primary spheres in laminar diffusion flames burning ethylene and Jet A-1/SAF blends and to analyze their spatial distribution. Using a recently developed Spline-Based Abel Transform (SAT) method for signal deconvolution and an improved SAXS model, spatially-resolved primary particle size distributions are determined across the flame. The analysis reveals distinct differences between pure Jet A-1 and SAF-blended flames: Jet A-1 produces larger primary particles (maximum Dp,geo of 27 nm) with sharp transitions between growth and oxidation regions, while SAF blends show smaller particles (maximum Dp,geo of 16 nm) with more gradual transitions. This suggests that SAF addition fundamentally alters soot formation dynamics rather than simply reducing particle size. The Porod invariant, which is proportional to the soot volume fraction, shows systematic decreases in soot volume fraction with increasing SAF content while maintaining similar particle size distribution patterns. This work presents the first comprehensive dataset of spatially-resolved primary particle characteristics in aviation fuel flames, offering valuable insights for soot formation modeling and clean combustion technology development.
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