Juglans regia and Pfaffia paniculata extracts: implications for periodontal disease treatment and correlation with Alzheimer’s risk
Résumé
Periodontal disease (PD) is a significant global health concern, affecting approximately 19% of the world’s population. It is one of the most prevalent diseases today, causing substantial socio-economic impacts and diminished quality of life. Recent research has also revealed a potential link between PD and Alzheimer’s disease. This study investigated the antimicrobial effects of Juglans regia and Pfaffia paniculata extracts against P. endodontalis and P. gingivalis , bacteria that cause PD and are related to Alzheimer’s risk. The study also assessed the impact of these extracts on macrophage metabolic activity, pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokine expression, and genotoxicity. The phytochemical analysis of the extract was carried out first. Antimicrobial activity was performed using the M11-A7 protocol (CLSI) for planktonic cultures on monotypic biofilms matured for 168 hours in anaerobiosis. Cell viability analysis was carried out using MTT on mouse macrophages (RAW 264-7), as well as genotoxicity assessment using micronuclei. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using ELISA method, checking the cytokines IL-6, IL-1B, TNF-alpha, IL-17 and IL-10. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of Miquelianin, Regiolone and Gallic Acid in J. regia extract. For the P. paniculata extract, we identified the glycosides Pfaffoside C, Pfaffoside A, 3-O-β-D-glycopyranosyl-oleanolic acid and Beta-ecdysone. Antimicrobial activity revealed a MBC of 1.73 for the extract of J. regia and 0.48 for P. paniculata against P. endodontalis and P. gingivalis . All biofilms were reduced by more than 89% after treatment with the extracts for 5 min. Cytotoxicity evaluations revealed that cell viability remained above 50% at concentrations up to 0.216 mg/ml for J. regia and 0.015 mg/ml for P. paniculata . Neither extract exhibited genotoxicity. Furthermore, both demonstrated anti-inflammatory activity by promoting the production of the cytokine IL-10. In conclusion, the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activities of J. regia and P. paniculata extracts suggest their potential as treatments for oral dysbiosis, which may contribute to a reduced risk of neurodegenerative diseases.
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