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                <term xml:lang="en">Adenosine</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Neuroglia</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Circadian rhythm</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Synaptic plasticity</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Excitation-inhibition balance</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO)</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Tripartite synapse</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Synaptic homeostasis</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Synaptic coverage</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Prostaglandin D2</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Metabolism</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Gliotransmission</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Gap junctions</term>
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              <p>Astrocytes have transcended their role from mere structural scaffolds to pivotal regulators of neural circuitry and sleep–wake dynamics. The strategic proximity of their fine processes to blood vessels and synapses positions them as key players in neurobiology, contributing to the tripartite synapse concept. Gap-junction proteins also enable astrocytes to form an extensive network interacting with neuronal assemblies to influence sleep physiology. Recent advances in genetic engineering, neuroimaging and molecular biology have deepened our understanding of astrocytic functions. This review highlights the different mechanisms by which astrocytes regulate sleep, notably through transcriptomic and morphological changes, as well as gliotransmission, whereby intracellular calcium (Ca 2+ ) dynamics plays a significant role in modulating the sleep–wake cycle. In vivo optogenetic stimulation of astrocytes indeed induces ATP release, which is subsequently degraded into adenosine, modulating neuronal excitability in sleep–wake regulatory brain regions. Astrocytes also participate in synaptic plasticity, potentially modulating sleep-associated downscaling, a process essential for memory consolidation and preventing synaptic saturation. Although astrocytic involvement in synaptic maintenance is well supported, the precise molecular mechanisms linking these processes to sleep regulation remain to be elucidated. By highlighting astrocytes' multiple roles in sleep physiology, these insights deepen our understanding of sleep mechanisms and pave the way for improving sleep quality.</p>
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              <p>Traditionnellement considérés comme de simples éléments de soutien du système nerveux central, les astrocytes sont désormais reconnus comme des régulateurs clés des circuits neuronaux et de la dynamique veille–sommeil. Leur proximité stratégique avec les vaisseaux sanguins et les synapses, via leurs prolongements fins, en fait des acteurs majeurs de la neurobiologie, contribuant pleinement au concept de synapse tripartite. Grâce aux protéines des jonctions communicantes, les astrocytes forment un vaste réseau interagissant avec les ensembles neuronaux pour moduler la physiologie du sommeil. Les avancées récentes en génétique, neuroimagerie et biologie moléculaire ont considérablement approfondi notre compréhension de leurs fonctions.Cette revue explore les mécanismes par lesquels les astrocytes influencent le sommeil, notamment par des modifications transcriptomiques et morphologiques, ainsi que par la gliotransmission. Dans ce cadre, la dynamique du calcium intracellulaire (Ca²⁺) joue un rôle central dans la modulation du cycle veille–sommeil. En effet, la stimulation optogénétique des astrocytes in vivo induit la libération d’ATP, rapidement dégradé en adénosine, ce qui module l’excitabilité neuronale dans les régions cérébrales impliquées dans la régulation du sommeil.Les astrocytes participent également à la plasticité synaptique, notamment à travers la modulation du processus de réduction synaptique associé au sommeil, essentiel à la consolidation de la mémoire et à la prévention de la saturation synaptique. Bien que leur rôle dans le maintien synaptique soit bien établi, les mécanismes moléculaires précis liant ces fonctions à la régulation du sommeil demeurent à élucider. En soulignant les multiples rôles des astrocytes dans la physiologie du sommeil, ces travaux approfondissent notre compréhension des mécanismes du sommeil et ouvrent de nouvelles perspectives pour en améliorer la qualité.</p>
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