A STATE OF THE ART OF RENEWABLE ENERGY INTEGRATION IN COLLECTIVE SOCIAL HOUSING IN FRANCE: A MATRIX FOR IDENTIFICATION OF NEW DEVELOPMENT SCENARIOS DURING PLANNING PHASE
Résumé
Energy poverty increasingly impacts the lowest-income households in France. In this context, European Union encourages member states to set targets to improve energy efficiency and comfort of buildings, while reducing their carbon impact. French legislation shows increasing interest in renewable-based decentralised energy systems in the building sector. However, this transition faces economic, technical, legislative, social, and organisational barriers in social housing. Social housing organisations perceive investments in sustainable building as a complex issue as they cannot be later recovered from social household's charges. These challenges in building design also implies rethinking ownership, management, and use of renewable energy (RE) technologies, likewise an evolution in promoter's role through support and skills and knowledge development. Based on these issues, we conduct a state of the art of existing ownership solutions related to collective social housing, as well as the RE integration schemes according to the electricity market regulations in France. French social housing has implemented several innovative solutions to provide access to property for low-income households : SCIAPP, PSLA, BRS and standard one. Different solutions available imply different management of the operations, investment options and governance. In a collective building, different social housing ownership solutions can be combined. This influences the integration of RE and its business models. One of the most developed business models in the last years is electrical selfconsumption which defines the legal framework and scenarios for RE integration in the French electricity market. As RE integration requires the identification of new roles in compliance with the existing regulation, a matrix has been created to identify new scenarios. The potential stakeholders for the different social housing schemes have been identified along with the illustration of the respective roles that arise with self-consumption. This facilitates the identification of the roles that can be taken by the different stakeholders in the different contexts, subsequently enabling the construction of potential scenarios to assist decision makers in RE integration. This matrix will be completed using a qualitative approach, through interviews with experts in the field of social housing and RE sector. The study has important implications. It can assist managers in revealing new potential scenarios that have been missed so far due to a lack of knowledge and skills for the stakeholders support. Indeed, construction companies are project-based organizations dominated by embodied knowledge and have low knowledge accumulation, which challenges this integration. This study contributes to research on Engineering Design methods that can support the integration of RE into social housing. The implementation of Scenario Based Design in building design will be explored as primary response to the research question. Participatory Desing could also support implementation of identified scenarios in the defined context of study. The developed model is then going to be validated by decision-makers.
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