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              <p>Abstract Bird seasonal migration is a remarkable biogeographic phenomenon, yet its deep-time origin(s) and evolutionary history remain poorly understood, with the bird fossil record largely overlooked. This study explores the predictability of bird migratory behaviour from the oxygen isotope composition of their bone apatite phosphate (δ 18 O p ), a promising approach in this regard because: (i) sedentary and migratory birds tend to occupy distinct climatic niches year-round; (ii) their δ 18 O p values primarily reflect the climate-driven isotopic composition of their drinking water; and (iii) this isotopic signature can persist through fossilisation. Bone tissues were categorised based on their potential to yield spatio-temporally distinct climatic records: “early bone tissues” (EBT), deposited before somatic maturity, and “late bone tissues” (LBT), resulting from bone remodelling events over the lifespan. The predictability of migratory behaviour was theoretically assessed by modelling tissue-specific δ 18 O p values for thousands of birds across 77 migratory and sedentary species, based on their tracking or observational data, using a revised phosphate-water fractionation equation. These theoretical results were confronted with data from 11 extant bird species obtained using a new experimental framework that combines histological and isotopic analyses. We emphasised that, under specific sampling protocols, a significantly positive correlation between the δ 18 O p value and the proportion of LBT of bone samples is characteristic of long-distance migratory birds. Additionally, migratory birds that perished outside their natal sites can be identified when their δ 18 O p,EBT value falls outside the range observed in local juvenile and sedentary birds. We conclude that the migratory behaviour of birds can be inferred from the δ 18 O p values of their skeletal remains, with relatively low sensitivity (not all migratory behaviours are detected), but with high specificity (sedentary birds are rarely misclassified as migratory). We argue that the same method can be used to infer past bird migratory behaviours from well-preserved fossil bones, provided the palaeoclimatic context is carefully considered. More broadly, this study establishes a framework for inferring the migratory behaviour of any vertebrate from non-fully remodelled biomineralised remains.</p>
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