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            <funder>Open Access funding enabled and organized by CAUL and its Member Institutions. No funding was received to assist with the preparation of this manuscript. The #OFE2021 conference was financially supported by the Co- operative Research Programme (CRP) - Sustainable Agricultural and Food Systems of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), #DigitAg - the Digital Agriculture Con- vergence Lab of INRAE (French National Institute for Agricultural and Environmental Research, grant no. ANR-16-CONV-0004), the Agropolis Foundation, the Occitanie region, Occitanum, Agreenium, RMT Modelia, and RMT NAEXUS, INRAE (MathNum and Agro- EcoSystem Divisions of INRAE). Support was also provided by the MAK’IT-FIAS Fellowship programme (Montpellier Advanced Knowl- edge Institute on Transitions – French Institutes for Advanced Study) co-funded by the University of Montpellier and the European Union’s Horizon 2020 Marie Skłodowska-Curie Actions (co-fund grant agree- ment no. 945408). The #OFE2023 conference was financially sup- ported by the Cornell College of Agricultural and Life Sciences, the Cornell Atkinson Center for Sustainability, and the Cornell Institute for Digital Agriculture (CIDA) from Cornell University, 1000FARMS (ClimMob, Alliance Bioversity-CIAT), APNI (the African Plant Nutri- tion Institute), #DigitAg-INRAE, and the CEIA (Centre for Effective Innovation in Agriculture). Additional support was provided by GFAR (the Global Forum on Agricultural Research and Innovation) and the ISPA (International Society of Precision Agriculture).</funder>
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              <p>This virtual issue reports on the use of digital technologies in On-Farm Experimentation (OFE) in varied farming systems across the world. The authors investigated diverse questions across contrasted environments and scientific domains, with methodologies that included review, empirical studies, interviews, and reflexive accounts. The contributions thus showcase the multiplicity of research directions that are relevant to OFE. This includes addressing the two intertwined types of research objects in OFE: the farmers’ questions (how to improve management) and the methodologies required to address these (how to improve research through OFE)—with the notable support of digital tools. The issue includes a systematic review exploring OFE practices and farmer-researcher relationships as reported in the scientific literature; a meta-analysis comparing experimental scales in the USA; reflexive analyzes on a feed assessment tool and a tree crop decision support system rooted in OFE that are connecting farmers and researchers in Africa; a retrospective on a large CGIAR program combining citizen sciences and OFE; the use of video recordings and work analysis to characterize farmers’ knowledge in French vineyards; and in the same sector in Australia, two accounts of the use of digital tools in spatially explicit OFE: one an investigation into farmers’ and consultants’ perceptions, the other a retrospective on the roles of precision agriculture. Findings from these examples validate the use of varied digital tools to scale the design, implementation, and learning stages of OFE processes. These include how to better harness and bridge the knowledge of farmers, researchers and other parties, examples of data management and analytics, the improved interpretation of results, and capitalizing on experiences. The international conference this issue was part of also led to acknowledgement of a lack of policy linkages, required to scale OFE endeavors by incentivizing institutional change toward more farmer-centric research practices and responsible digital deployment.</p>
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