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                <term xml:lang="en">social organization</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">access to land</term>
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              <p>Much evidence supports the ecological and agronomic benefits of diversity, of both crops and environments, for building resilience and sustainability in agroecosystems. Farmers' knowledge about crop diversity is well‐documented, but aside from studies on how farmers exchange seeds and knowledge through networks, the interactions of social factors and the diversity of crops and cultivated environments have been mainly overlooked. One factor receiving attention is farmers' access to land, but in only one of its dimensions, the security of access. Here we address the different strategies by which farmers gain access to land. How does the plurality of modes of access to land influence crop choices, and thereby crop diversity? How does this plurality influence the range of environments available to individual farmers for cultivating crop diversity? Analysing data from 51 interviews with farmers and 312 plots in agrosilvopastoral systems in northwestern Morocco, we described eight different modes of access. Each mode offers different opportunities and constraints concerning the kind of crops that can be grown on the plot. We found that an increase in the number of modes of access to land increases the crop diversity of farmers' holdings, regardless of the total area each farmer cultivates. Accessing additional plots contributed to both environmental heterogeneity and to crop diversity of farms. In striving to gain access to land and to grow diverse crops, farmers are motivated by their notion of what it means to be a ‘real farmer’, that is, the relation to their identity. Farmers mobilize not only their economic power but also their social relationships to gain access to plots of land. Their choices are also based on their relationships to tree crops such as olive, which are economic and cultural keystone species, as well as markers of land ownership and control. Multiple modes of access to land characterize many smallholder farming systems, which support a large fraction of the world's population. Recognizing diverse social practices of access to land that allow farmers to continue to mobilize multiple modes of access can increase resilience against unpredictable events and help maintain sustainable agroecosystems. Read the free Plain Language Summary for this article on the Journal blog.</p>
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              <p>De nombreuses études mettent en évidence les rôles écologiques et agronomiques de la diversité, tant des cultures que des environnements, dans la résilience et la durabilité des agroécosystèmes. Les savoirs des agriculteurs et agricultrices liés à la diversité des plantes cultivées sont bien documentés, mais en dehors des études sur les réseaux d'échanges de semences ou de connaissances, les facteurs sociaux ont été largement négligés pour comprendre la diversité des plantes et des environnements cultivés. Un de ces facteurs est l'accès des agriculteurs à la terre, mais il a été uniquement étudié sous l'angle de la sécurité de l'accès. Nous abordons ici les différentes stratégies par lesquelles les agriculteurs accèdent à la terre. Comment la pluralité des modes d'accès à la terre influence‐t‐elle les choix des cultures, et par conséquent la diversité des plantes cultivées? Comment cette pluralité influence‐t‐elle la gamme d'environnements disponibles pour chaque agriculteur afin de cultiver une diversité de plantes? En analysant les données de 51 entretiens avec des agriculteurs et de 312 parcelles dans des systèmes agrosylvopastoraux dans le nord‐ouest du Maroc, nous avons décrit huit modes d'accès à la terre différents. Chaque mode offre différentes opportunités et contraintes concernant le type de cultures qui peuvent être cultivées sur la parcelle. Nous avons mis en évidence une relation positive entre la diversité des modes d'accès à la terre et la diversité des plantes cultivées, relation indépendamment de la superficie totale cultivée par chaque agriculteur. L'accès à des parcelles supplémentaires contribue à la fois à l'hétérogénéité environnementale et à la diversité des plantes cultivées dans les fermes. Les efforts pour accéder à la terre et cultiver diverses plantes met en jeu ce qu'être un ‘vrai agriculteur’ signifie. Les agriculteurs mobilisent non seulement leur capital économique, mais aussi leurs relations sociales pour accéder à de nouvelles parcelles tout au long de l'année. Les cultures arboricoles telles que l'olivier, qui sont des espèces clés sur le plan économique et culturel, sont par ailleurs des indicateurs de propriété et des moyens de contrôle fonciers. La multiplicité des modes d'accès à la terre caractérise de nombreux systèmes de petite agriculture, qui concernent une grande partie de la population mondiale. Reconnaître les diverses pratiques sociales qui permettent aux agriculteurs de continuer à mobiliser plusieurs modes d'accès à la terre peut accroître la résilience face à des événements imprévisibles et contribuer au maintien d'agroécosystèmes durables.</p>
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