Atmospheric rivers in Antarctica
2 IGE - Institut des Géosciences de l’Environnement
3 CESAM - Centro de Estudos do Ambiente e do Mar = Centre for Environmental and Marine Studies [Aveiro]
4 GLACCIOS - Glaces et Continents, Climats et Isotopes Stables
5 LSCE - Laboratoire des Sciences du Climat et de l'Environnement [Gif-sur-Yvette]
6 ATOC - Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences [Boulder]
7 CIT - Cork Institute of Technology
8 LOCEAN-VARCLIM - Océan et variabilité du climat
9 ITÜ - Istanbul Technical University
10 Universidad de Valparaiso = Valparaiso University
11 UHMI - Ukrainian Hydrometeorological Institute
12 National Antarctic Scientific Center of Ukraine
13 Victoria University of Wellington
14 TU Delft - Delft University of Technology
15 CIIMAR - Centro Interdisciplinar de Investigação Marinha e Ambiental = Interdisciplinary Centre of Marine and Environmental Research [Matosinhos, Portugal]
16 ENGEOS Lab - Environmental and Geophysical Sciences Lab
17 Stanford University
18 University of Groningen [Groningen]
19 UMD - University of Maryland [College Park]
20 University of Colorado [Boulder]
21 University of Wisconsin-Madison
22 UC Santa Barbara - University of California [Santa Barbara]
23 CRC - Centre de Recherches de Climatologie [UMR Biogéosciences]
24 UC San Diego - University of California [San Diego]
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Résumé
Antarctic atmospheric rivers (ARs) are a form of extreme weather that transport heat and moisture from the Southern Hemisphere subtropics and/or mid-latitudes to the Antarctic continent. Present-day AR events generally have a positive influence on the Antarctic ice-sheet mass balance by producing heavy snowfall, yet they also cause melt of seaice and coastal ice sheet areas, as well as ice shelf destabilization. In this Review, we explore the atmospheric dynamics and impacts of Antarctic ARs over their life cycle to better understand their net contributions to ice-sheet mass balance. ARs occur in high-amplitude pressure couplets, and those strong enough to reach the Antarctic are often formed withinRossby waves initiated by tropical convection. Antarctic ARs are rare events (~3 days per year per location) but have been responsible for 50–70% of extreme snowfall events in East Antarctica since the 1980s. However, they can also trigger extensive surface melting events, such as the final ice shelf collapse of Larsen A in 1995 and Larsen B in 2002.Climate change will likely cause stronger ARs as anthropogenic warming increases atmospheric water vapour. Future research must determine how these climate change impacts will alter the relationship among Antarctic ARs, net ice-sheet mass balance and future sea-level rise.