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            <title xml:lang="en">Remarks on Some Factors Influencing the Charge State of Sputtered Particles</title>
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              <p>The ionization probabilities of sputtered particles depend drastically on the chemical composition of the upper layers of the target. The enhancement of the yield of negative ions by cesium flooding is correlated to the lowering of the work function. The electron affinity level controls the relative yields of elements. The effect of the velocity of the departing particle on these yields is examined.The yield of positive ions is increased by oxygen flooding. Although matrix effects may be strong, there are simple approximations which allow to relate atomic concentrations and ionic intensities on a large class of samples: metallic alloys, silicate minerals. An isotopic effect has been observed which has been mainly attributed to the variation of the ionization probability with the velocity of the escaping particle: the heavier the isotope, the lower its ionization yield. A bond-breaking model is presented which explains some of the features described in the paper.</p>
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