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            <title xml:lang="fr">Des banques départementales aux succursales de la Banque de France : le cas de Toulouse (1838-1860)</title>
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                <title xml:lang="fr">Des banques départementales aux succursales de la Banque de France : le cas de Toulouse (1838-1860)</title>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">Banque centrale</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Succursales de la Banque de France</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Système des paiements</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">Escompte</term>
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              <p>This article reconstructs the specificities of the process of creation of a national monetary system in France, by focusing on the case of the foundation of a departmental bank in Toulouse and its eventual transformation into a Bank of France’s branch. While the Bank of France encouraged departmental banks to discount local bills of exchange, it prevented them from discounting bills payable on other provincial places, thus leaving them in a situation of structural dependence from the management of bullion flows by Paris. The contradictions inherent to this “partial externalization” of monetary functions exploded in 1848, leading to a “reinternalization” of such functions by the Bank and to the establishment of a truly national system.</p>
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              <p>L’article retrace les spécificités du processus de création d’un système monétaire national en France, à travers l’étude de la fondation d’une banque départementale à Toulouse et sa transformation successive en succursale de la Banque de France. Alors que la Banque de France encouragea l’activité d’escompte d’effets locaux par les banques départementales, elle les empêcha d’escompter des effets payables sur d’autres places provinciales, laissant celles-ci dans une situation de dépendance structurelle à la gestion des flux métalliques par Paris. Les contradictions inhérentes à cette « externalisation partielle » des fonctions monétaires explosèrent en 1848, menant à une « réinternalisation » de ces fonctions par la Banque et ainsi à l’établissement d’un système véritablement national.</p>
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