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              <p>Deposit-feeding bioturbators are key players in sediment functioning of aquatic ecosystems. Bioturbators, such as Tubifex tubifex, contribute to organic matter degradation and nutrient recycling in freshwater sediments. They provide these services via their ability to rework sediment and to produce and irrigate biogenic structures (galleries). By interacting with microorganisms, tubificid worms significantly stimulate biogeochemical cycles occurring at the water-sediment interface. However, the presence of contaminants in streambed sediments can significantly modify these processes by impacting the survival, the physiology and the bioturbation activities of tubificid worms. Among these contaminants, microplastic pollution has become a global environmental problem which is increasingly studied but poorly understood in freshwater ecosystems. The ingestion of microplastic particles by Tubificidae has been reported in literature, but the impact of microplastics on the bioturbation activities and biogeochemical cycle has never been studied. Therefore, the objective of this study is to investigate the effects of sediment contamination with a heterogeneous mixture of irregular shapes, sizes and different polymer types of microplastic pollutants (i.e. polymers of polystyrene and polyamide) on the survival, the physiological state and the bioturbation activity of tubificid worms. For this purpose, a laboratory experiment was developed in glass mesocosms allowing to (1) reproduce a water-sediment interface, (2) control microplastic concentrations and (3) control the presence of the worm Tubifex tubifex. Four concentrations of microplastics (0, 1000, 10000, and 100000 particles Kg-1 dry weight) and two worm conditions (no worm and 180 individuals per mesocosm) were tested.  After 2 months of exposure, the survival and the physiological state (oxidative stress and energetic reserves) of worms, the surface sediment reworking (using non-fluorescent tracers) induced by worms, and the biogeochemical processes (nutrient fluxes, CO2 and CH4 degassing rates) were measured in mesocosms. While tubificid worms indirectly stimulated the mineralization of organic matter in sediments (CO2 efflux) by increasing the microbial activity in absence of microplastic contamination, this stimulation was inhibited by the presence of microplastics. Thus, this study highlights the potential impact of microplastic contamination on ecosystem processes through affecting bioturbation species.</p>
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