KNOWLEDGE, POWER, AND THE FORCES SHAPING THE PROGRESSION OF CIVILIZATION
CONNAISSANCE, POUVOIR ET FORCES QUI FAÇONNENT LA PROGRESSION DE LA CIVILISATION
Résumé
“Early in the fourth millennium B.C., there occurred a phenomenon of lasting importance for the history of humanity: the appearance in quick succession of a group of culture foci that gave rise to self-contained and characteristic civilizations” (Oppenheim 2009, 31). Civilization emerged in astonishingly parallel fashion in various places in the world ushering in a decisive change that established a deep hold on human consciousness, spirit, and socio-political activity world-wide. Generally, civilization refers to more complex, structured, and organized systems of political economy that both expanded and advanced the village stage of social life. Civilization is described as a large-scale and long-term pattern of social-historical reality, encompassing a plurality of coexisting and successive social formations. In other words, a civilization is a large-scale social-historical system or long-term pattern that is able to influence its region with its culture, ideology, and traditions. The important aspects of what characterizes a civilization are a clearly established institutional framework for social life that extends over a rather large geographical region; the ability to exercise social, cultural, and political power over a prolonged period of history; and a civilization encompasses a plurality of coexisting socio-cultural groups whose development follows a prescribed pattern established by a highly developed and well-organized social-political, socio-cultural, or ideological system.
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