Investigating porosity and fibre bundle deformation in thermoplastic composite plates through 2D multi-modal imaging techniques
Résumé
This experimental study investigates impregnation mechanisms and porosity localization in
thermoplastic composite plates using a displacement-controlled thermo-compression technique,
representing the impregnation phase as a variant of a CRTM process with through-thickness matrix
flow. Plates were manufactured using varied compaction ratios (Cr) of woven glass fibre and
polypropylene in two stacking configurations. By controlling press displacement at eight sequential
stages, targeted fibre volume fractions (Vf) were achieved as well as different partial impregnation
states. Samples from the central zone of these plates underwent microscopy analyses using
fluorescence microscopy (FM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine microstructures
across full plate thickness at single glass fibre resolution. A novel two-step surface polishing protocol,
integrating fluorescent dye and binding epoxy resin, was developed to minimize damage during
polishing of the partially impregnated samples, such as fibre breakage and loosening. The correlative
imaging workflow merged extended field images from both techniques to create high-fidelity
composite images for both qualitative and quantitative porosity analyses. This approach
allowed the assessment of fibre bundle deformation at the meso-scale and porosity area fraction at the
micro-scale relative to the macro-scale compaction ratio, aiding in understanding the polymer
impregnation mechanisms in fibre bundles at different scales. Using advanced imaging techniques,
the study provides insights into the evolution of microstructure in CRTM processes and how
compaction ratios affect composite quality, potentially enhancing the understanding and optimisation
of fluid-structure interactions in manufacturing processes like CRTM
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