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            <title xml:lang="en">Infrared emissivity of icy surfaces</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">planets and satellites: surfaces</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">scattering</term>
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              <p>Context: Most analyses of the infrared emission of Saturn’s rings and icy satellites have considered pure water ice as the constituent of regolith and particle surfaces. Visual and near-infrared observations have shown, however, that darkening and reddening contaminants are present at a fraction level of a few percent. In the spectral domain 10–2000 cm$^{−1}$ , water ice becomes transparent in a few windows, which in particular causes the roll-off of emissivity of icy surfaces that is observed below 50 cm$^{−1}$ . Their emissivity there may be affected by these contaminants.Aims: We present a quantitative global sensitivity analysis of a hybrid Mie-Hapke model to evaluate the influence of regolith properties and contaminant fraction on the infrared emissivity of icy rings or moons over this spectral range.Methods: A hybrid Mie–Hapke model of the hemispherical emissivity ε*$_h(w_n$) was made, including various diffraction correction and mixing types with tholins or amorphous carbon grains, or grain size distributions and some anisotropy in emission. A Sobol global sensitivity analysis provided quantitative levels of importance for these factors versus wave number $w_n$.Results: Given the a priori uncertainties, the most important factor acting on ε*$_h(w_n$) remains the size distribution of regolith grains and the average anisotropy factor ξ . For $w_n$ &amp;gt; 50 cm$^{−1}$ , ξ , the power-law index p and the minimum $a_{min}$ of the size distribution are most influential. In windows of water-ice transparency (10–50, 300–600, and 900–1300 cm$^{−1}$), the emissivity is also sensitive, but to a lesser extent, to the maximum grain size a max and the fraction f of contaminants, if mixed at the molecular level.Conclusions: This model provides a self-consistent tool for interpreting multi-modal observations of the thermal emission from icy surfaces. It also offers interesting insights into recent mid-infrared observations of Saturn’s rings and Jupiter’s moon Ganymede by the JWST-MIRI instrument.</p>
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