<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<TEI xmlns="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0" xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance" xmlns:hal="http://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/" xmlns:gml="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/" xmlns:gmlce="http://www.opengis.net/gml/3.3/ce" version="1.1" xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.tei-c.org/ns/1.0 http://api.archives-ouvertes.fr/documents/aofr-sword.xsd">
  <teiHeader>
    <fileDesc>
      <titleStmt>
        <title>HAL TEI export of hal-04664956</title>
      </titleStmt>
      <publicationStmt>
        <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
        <availability status="restricted">
          <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/publicdomain/zero/1.0/">CC0 1.0 - Universal</licence>
        </availability>
        <date when="2026-05-15T23:50:21+02:00"/>
      </publicationStmt>
      <sourceDesc>
        <p part="N">HAL API Platform</p>
      </sourceDesc>
    </fileDesc>
  </teiHeader>
  <text>
    <body>
      <listBibl>
        <biblFull>
          <titleStmt>
            <title xml:lang="en">Spores of Clostridioides difficile are toxin delivery vehicles</title>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Carolina</forename>
                <surname>Cassona</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">3208282-0</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-327246"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Sara</forename>
                <surname>Ramalhete</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">3208283-0</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-327246"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Khira</forename>
                <surname>Amara</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">3208284-0</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-327246"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Thomas</forename>
                <surname>Candela</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">ab9334f298c46ef3c018e96f96442e3c</email>
              <email type="domain">u-psud.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">thomascandela</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1068427</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">52812-1068427</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4686-2533</idno>
              <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/110862759</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1002254"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Imad</forename>
                <surname>Kansau</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">18dc2d48f47a8c3de3ed453f3e1a4d78</email>
              <email type="domain">universite-paris-saclay.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">imad-kansau</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1245939</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">231373-1245939</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1002254"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Cécile</forename>
                <surname>Denève-Larrazet</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">2783016-0</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1002254"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Claire</forename>
                <surname>Janoir-Jouveshomme</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">2855527-0</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1002254"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Luís Jaime</forename>
                <surname>Mota</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1405553</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">135157-1405553</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5592-8397</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-327246"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Bruno</forename>
                <surname>Dupuy</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">754246938eccd2aa1407b9567cf3107d</email>
              <email type="domain">pasteur.fr</email>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="string">bruno-dupuy</idno>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">746769</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">617033-746769</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7176-8453</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-1004994"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Mónica</forename>
                <surname>Serrano</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="halauthorid">1061468-0</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-327246"/>
            </author>
            <author role="aut">
              <persName>
                <forename type="first">Adriano</forename>
                <surname>Henriques</surname>
              </persName>
              <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1405554</idno>
              <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">2239639-1405554</idno>
              <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4292-4802</idno>
              <affiliation ref="#struct-327246"/>
            </author>
            <editor role="depositor">
              <persName>
                <forename>Anne</forename>
                <surname>Lassailly-Bondaz</surname>
              </persName>
              <email type="md5">7ce2e628ede734789fe7aee107a32a81</email>
              <email type="domain">pasteur.fr</email>
            </editor>
            <funder>This work was supported by grant PEst-OE/EQB/LA0004/2011 from the “Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia” (FCT) to A.O.H. This work was also financially supported by Project LISBOA-01-0145-FEDER-007660 (“Microbiologia Molecular, Estrutural e Celular”) funded by FEDER funds through COMPETE2020 - “Programa Operacional Competitividade e Internacionalização” (POCI), by national funds through the FCT (“Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia”), and by program IF of the FCT (IF/00268/2013/CP1173/CT0006) to M.S. C.C. (PD/BD/52212/2013), S.R. (SFRH/BD/45459/08) and K.A. (PD/BD/148398/2019) were the recipients of doctoral fellowships from the FCT.</funder>
          </titleStmt>
          <editionStmt>
            <edition n="v1" type="current">
              <date type="whenSubmitted">2025-04-02 10:19:08</date>
              <date type="whenModified">2026-03-07 03:15:33</date>
              <date type="whenReleased">2025-04-02 10:31:40</date>
              <date type="whenProduced">2024-07-10</date>
              <date type="whenEndEmbargoed">2025-04-02</date>
              <ref type="file" target="https://hal.science/hal-04664956v1/document">
                <date notBefore="2025-04-02"/>
              </ref>
              <ref type="file" subtype="publisherPaid" n="1" target="https://hal.science/hal-04664956v1/file/s42003-024-06521-x.pdf" id="file-5016747-4346400">
                <date notBefore="2025-04-02"/>
              </ref>
              <ref type="externalLink" target="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC11237016"/>
            </edition>
            <respStmt>
              <resp>contributor</resp>
              <name key="116467">
                <persName>
                  <forename>Anne</forename>
                  <surname>Lassailly-Bondaz</surname>
                </persName>
                <email type="md5">7ce2e628ede734789fe7aee107a32a81</email>
                <email type="domain">pasteur.fr</email>
              </name>
            </respStmt>
          </editionStmt>
          <publicationStmt>
            <distributor>CCSD</distributor>
            <idno type="halId">hal-04664956</idno>
            <idno type="halUri">https://hal.science/hal-04664956</idno>
            <idno type="halBibtex">cassona:hal-04664956</idno>
            <idno type="halRefHtml">&lt;i&gt;Communications Biology&lt;/i&gt;, 2024, 7 (1), pp.839. &lt;a target="_blank" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s42003-024-06521-x"&gt;&amp;#x27E8;10.1038/s42003-024-06521-x&amp;#x27E9;&lt;/a&gt;</idno>
            <idno type="halRef">Communications Biology, 2024, 7 (1), pp.839. &amp;#x27E8;10.1038/s42003-024-06521-x&amp;#x27E9;</idno>
            <availability status="restricted">
              <licence target="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">CC BY 4.0 - Attribution<ref corresp="#file-5016747-4346400"/></licence>
            </availability>
          </publicationStmt>
          <seriesStmt>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PASTEUR">Institut Pasteur</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="AGROPARISTECH">AgroParisTech</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="CNRS">CNRS - Centre national de la recherche scientifique</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-PARIS-SACLAY">Université Paris-Saclay</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="AGREENIUM">Archive ouverte en agrobiosciences</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="INRAE">Institut National de Recherche en Agriculture, Alimentation et Environnement</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIV-PARIS">Université Paris Cité</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIVERSITE-PARIS" corresp="UNIV-PARIS">Université Paris Cité</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="UNIVERSITE-PARIS-SACLAY" corresp="UNIV-PARIS-SACLAY">Université Paris-Saclay</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="GS-LIFE-SCIENCES-HEALTH" corresp="UNIVERSITE-PARIS-SACLAY">Graduate School Life Sciences and Health</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="GS-HEALTH-DRUG-SCIENCES">Graduate School Health and Drug Sciences</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="MICA-UNITES">MICA-Unités </idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="MICALIS">Micalis</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="BAPS-MICALIS" corresp="MICALIS">Bactéries Pathogènes et Santé</idno>
            <idno type="stamp" n="PSACLAY-TEST">Université Paris-Saclay - Collection pour tests</idno>
          </seriesStmt>
          <notesStmt>
            <note type="audience" n="2">International</note>
            <note type="popular" n="0">No</note>
            <note type="peer" n="1">Yes</note>
          </notesStmt>
          <sourceDesc>
            <biblStruct>
              <analytic>
                <title xml:lang="en">Spores of Clostridioides difficile are toxin delivery vehicles</title>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Carolina</forename>
                    <surname>Cassona</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">3208282-0</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-327246"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Sara</forename>
                    <surname>Ramalhete</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">3208283-0</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-327246"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Khira</forename>
                    <surname>Amara</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">3208284-0</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-327246"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Thomas</forename>
                    <surname>Candela</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">ab9334f298c46ef3c018e96f96442e3c</email>
                  <email type="domain">u-psud.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">thomascandela</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1068427</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">52812-1068427</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4686-2533</idno>
                  <idno type="IDREF">https://www.idref.fr/110862759</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1002254"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Imad</forename>
                    <surname>Kansau</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">18dc2d48f47a8c3de3ed453f3e1a4d78</email>
                  <email type="domain">universite-paris-saclay.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">imad-kansau</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1245939</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">231373-1245939</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1002254"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Cécile</forename>
                    <surname>Denève-Larrazet</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">2783016-0</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1002254"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Claire</forename>
                    <surname>Janoir-Jouveshomme</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">2855527-0</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1002254"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Luís Jaime</forename>
                    <surname>Mota</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1405553</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">135157-1405553</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5592-8397</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-327246"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Bruno</forename>
                    <surname>Dupuy</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <email type="md5">754246938eccd2aa1407b9567cf3107d</email>
                  <email type="domain">pasteur.fr</email>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="string">bruno-dupuy</idno>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">746769</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">617033-746769</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7176-8453</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-1004994"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Mónica</forename>
                    <surname>Serrano</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="halauthorid">1061468-0</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-327246"/>
                </author>
                <author role="aut">
                  <persName>
                    <forename type="first">Adriano</forename>
                    <surname>Henriques</surname>
                  </persName>
                  <idno type="idhal" notation="numeric">1405554</idno>
                  <idno type="halauthorid" notation="string">2239639-1405554</idno>
                  <idno type="ORCID">https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4292-4802</idno>
                  <affiliation ref="#struct-327246"/>
                </author>
              </analytic>
              <monogr>
                <idno type="halJournalId" status="VALID">124966</idno>
                <idno type="issn">2399-3642</idno>
                <title level="j">Communications Biology</title>
                <imprint>
                  <publisher>Nature Publishing Group</publisher>
                  <biblScope unit="volume">7</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="issue">1</biblScope>
                  <biblScope unit="pp">839</biblScope>
                  <date type="datePub">2024-07-10</date>
                </imprint>
              </monogr>
              <idno type="doi">10.1038/s42003-024-06521-x</idno>
              <idno type="pubmed">38987278</idno>
              <idno type="pubmedcentral">PMC11237016</idno>
            </biblStruct>
          </sourceDesc>
          <profileDesc>
            <langUsage>
              <language ident="en">English</language>
            </langUsage>
            <textClass>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="sdv">Life Sciences [q-bio]</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halDomain" n="sdv.mp.bac">Life Sciences [q-bio]/Microbiology and Parasitology/Bacteriology</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halOldTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
              <classCode scheme="halTreeTypology" n="ART">Journal articles</classCode>
            </textClass>
            <abstract xml:lang="en">
              <p>Abstract Clostridioides difficile causes a wide range of intestinal diseases through the action of two main cytotoxins, TcdA and TcdB. Ingested spores germinate in the intestine establishing a population of cells that produce toxins and spores. The pathogenicity locus, PaLoc, comprises several genes, including those coding for TcdA/B, for the holin-like TcdE protein, and for TcdR, an auto-regulatory RNA polymerase sigma factor essential for tcdA / B and tcdE expression. Here we show that tcdR , tcdA , tcdB and tcdE are expressed in a fraction of the sporulating cells, in either the whole sporangium or in the forespore. The whole sporangium pattern is due to protracted expression initiated in vegetative cells by σ D , which primes the TcdR auto-regulatory loop. In contrast, the forespore-specific regulatory proteins σ G and SpoVT control TcdR production and tcdA/tcdB and tcdE expression in this cell. We detected TcdA at the spore surface, and we show that wild type and Δ tcdA or Δ tcdB spores but not Δ tcdR or Δ tcdA/ Δ tcdB spores are cytopathic against HT29 and Vero cells, indicating that spores may serve as toxin-delivery vehicles. Since the addition of TcdA and TcdB enhance binding of spores to epithelial cells, this effect may occur independently of toxin production by vegetative cells.</p>
            </abstract>
          </profileDesc>
        </biblFull>
      </listBibl>
    </body>
    <back>
      <listOrg type="structures">
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-327246" status="VALID">
          <orgName>Universidade Nova de Lisboa = NOVA University Lisbon</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">NOVA</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Campus de Campolide1099-085 Lisboa</addrLine>
              <country key="PT"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">http://www.unl.pt/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-1002254" status="VALID">
          <idno type="RNSR">201119643H</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/0471cyx86</idno>
          <orgName>MICrobiologie de l'ALImentation au Service de la Santé</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">MICALIS</orgName>
          <date type="start">2020-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Domaine de Vilvert 78352 JOUY-EN-JOSAS CEDEX</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.micalis.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-148117" type="direct"/>
            <relation active="#struct-419361" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="UMR1319" active="#struct-577435" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="laboratory" xml:id="struct-1004994" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">233897550</idno>
          <idno type="RNSR">201021583W</idno>
          <orgName>Pathogénèse des Bactéries Anaérobies / Pathogenesis of Bacterial Anaerobes</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">PBA (U-Pasteur_6)</orgName>
          <date type="start">2020-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Département Microbiologie - 25-28 rue du Docteur Roux, 75724 Paris Cedex 15</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://research.pasteur.fr/fr/team/pathogenesis-of-bacterial-anaerobes/</ref>
          </desc>
          <listRelation>
            <relation active="#struct-300027" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="UMR2001 / UMR6047" active="#struct-441569" type="direct"/>
            <relation name="U-Pasteur_6" active="#struct-557826" type="direct"/>
          </listRelation>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-148117" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">139408088</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02kbmgc12</idno>
          <orgName>AgroParisTech</orgName>
          <date type="start">2007-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>22 place de l'Agronomie CS 20040 91123 Palaiseau cedex</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.agroparistech.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-419361" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">241345251</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/03xjwb503</idno>
          <orgName>Université Paris-Saclay</orgName>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>Bâtiment Bréguet, 3 Rue Joliot Curie 2e ét, 91190 Gif-sur-Yvette</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.universite-paris-saclay.fr/fr</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-577435" status="VALID">
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/003vg9w96</idno>
          <orgName>Institut National de Recherche pour l’Agriculture, l’Alimentation et l’Environnement</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">INRAE</orgName>
          <date type="start">2020-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-300027" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">027936643</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000 0001 2353 6535</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/0495fxg12</idno>
          <orgName>Institut Pasteur [Paris]</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">IP</orgName>
          <date type="start">1887-06-04</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>25-28, rue du docteur Roux, 75724 Paris cedex 15</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.pasteur.fr</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="regroupinstitution" xml:id="struct-441569" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">02636817X</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000000122597504</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/02feahw73</idno>
          <orgName>Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">CNRS</orgName>
          <date type="start">1939-10-19</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://www.cnrs.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
        <org type="institution" xml:id="struct-557826" status="VALID">
          <idno type="IdRef">236453505</idno>
          <idno type="ISNI">0000 0004 7885 7602</idno>
          <idno type="ROR">https://ror.org/05f82e368</idno>
          <orgName>Université Paris Cité</orgName>
          <orgName type="acronym">UPCité</orgName>
          <date type="start">2020-01-01</date>
          <desc>
            <address>
              <addrLine>85 boulevard Saint-Germain75006 Paris</addrLine>
              <country key="FR"/>
            </address>
            <ref type="url">https://u-paris.fr/</ref>
          </desc>
        </org>
      </listOrg>
    </back>
  </text>
</TEI>