ipids are a diverse group of organic chemicals defined by their solubility in organic solvents; this property forms the basis for their extraction from archaeological, biological, and environmental materials. This chapter documents the developments in lipid analysis over the last 20 years specifically in relation to advances in new analytical techniques, data interpretation approaches, and applications based on analyses of the main archaeological material types. Analysis of archaeological lipids usually involves extraction of target molecules from the sample matrix. Data interpretation involves the identification of individual, or groups of biomarkers, providing a ‘fingerprint’ that can be related to possible origins or processes in the past. Of all the soil/sediment lipid proxies used to obtain historical insights into human activity, faecal biomarkers remain the most popular and widely deployed. Coprolites, or semi-fossilized faeces, contain a wide suite of diagnostic biomarkers and are a rich source of dietary and environmental information.