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                <title xml:lang="en">Wind tunnel tests for gust load investigation in transonic flows – part 1 : development of an innovative test rig</title>
                <title xml:lang="fr">Essais en soufflerie pour l'étude de charge à la rafale dans un écoulement transsonique - Partie 1 : Développement d'un moyen d'essai innovant</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Transonic Flows</term>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Gust Load</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Wind Tunnel</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">test rig</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">charge de rafale</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">écoulement transsonique</term>
                <term xml:lang="fr">essai en soufflerie</term>
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              <p>The development of load predictions capabilities and load control strategies is a key axis for enhancing the design process of the next aircraft generation, with the aim of significantly reducing fuel consumption levels. Within the Clean Sky 2 AIRFRAME ITD framework, a specific objective is dedicated to addressing the gust load case, which is crucial for strength design and fatigue loading source for transport type aircraft particularly in the certification process.Building on the accomplishments of the Clean Sky SFWA-ITD project, a new experimental research program has been established, centred around Wind Tunnel Tests (WTT) conducted at the transonic ONERA S3Ch facility. The primary goals of this program were to deepen our understanding of gust effects, particularly in the non-linear domain, and to advance the maturity of load control approaches.The initial phase of these studies has been conducted within the framework of a project called GUDGET, aimed at developing an innovative test rig for investigating gust loads, particularly challenging in the transonic regime. Based on pre-design solutions provided by ONERA, new gust generation devices have been analysed, designed and manufactured in order to deliver deterministic vertical and harmonic gusts with larger amplitude and in a wide frequency range. Two main concepts consisting in a tandem of airfoils installed horizontally right upstream of the test section were studied, based on either dynamically moving airfoils or fixed vanes equipped with pulsed blowing slots.To investigate the effects of gusts on the aerodynamic and aeroelastic behaviour of a model, the test rig also included a wall-mounted half-wing model. This model was heavily instrumented and equipped with a suitable aileron located close to the wingtip, which was remotely actuated using a high-frequency actuation system to demonstrate real-time active gust load alleviation.Finally, the results of a first WTT campaign, carried out to qualify the unsteady flow induced by the various gust generation capabilities, are presented. The outcomes of a second WTT dedicated to analysing gust effects on the model aeroelastic behaviour for different structural and aerodynamic conditions, are presented in a companion paper.</p>
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              <p>Le développement de capacités de prévision et de stratégies de contrôle des charges est un axe essentiel pour améliorer le processus de conception de la prochaine génération d'aéronefs, dans le but de réduire de manière significative les niveaux de consommation de carburant. Dans le cadre du projet Clean Sky 2 AIRFRAME ITD, un objectif spécifique est consacré à l'étude du cas de charge à la rafale, cas critique pour la conception et le dimensionnement d’avion de transport, en particulier dans le processus de certification.S'appuyant sur les résultats du projet Clean Sky SFWA-ITD, un nouveau programme de recherche expérimental a été mis en place, centré sur des essais en soufflerie (WTT) réalisés dans l'installation transsonique ONERA S3Ch. Les principaux objectifs de ce programme étaient d'approfondir la compréhension des effets des rafales, en particulier dans le domaine non linéaire, et de faire progresser la maturité des approches de contrôle de la charge.La phase initiale de ces études a été menée dans le cadre du projet GUDGET, visant à développer un banc d'essai innovant pour étudier les charges de rafales, particulièrement complexes dans le régime transsonique.Sur la base de solutions préliminaires fournies par l'ONERA, de nouveaux dispositifs de génération de rafales ont été analysés, conçus et fabriqués afin de produire des rafales verticales, harmoniques et déterministes de plus grande amplitude et dans une large gamme de fréquences. Deux concepts principaux consistant en un tandem de profils installé en amont de la section d'essai ont été étudiés, basés soit sur des profils oscillant dynamiquement, soit sur des profils fixes équipés de fentes de soufflage pulsé.Pour étudier les effets des rafales sur le comportement aérodynamique et aéroélastique d'un cas d’étude, le banc d'essai comprenait également une demi maquette aile-fuselage monté à la paroi. Cette maquette était fortement instrumentée et équipée d'un aileron externe, actionné à distance à l'aide d'un système d'actionnement haute fréquence, utilisé pour démontrer en temps réel un contrôle actif de charge à la rafale.Enfin, les résultats d'une première campagne WTT, menée pour qualifier l'écoulement généré par deux moyens de génération de rafales, sont présentés. Les résultats d'une deuxième campagne WTT consacrée à l'analyse des effets des rafales sur le comportement aéroélastique du modèle pour différentes conditions structurelles et aérodynamiques sont présentés dans un papier complémentaire.</p>
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