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                <term xml:lang="en">magneto-ionic effect</term>
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              <p>The perpendicular magnetic anisotropy (PMA) of metal/ferromagnet (FM)/oxide trilayers is knownto depend on the degree of oxidation of the FM/oxide interface. Among the different methods to tunethe PMA, magnetoionics is emerging as a promising technique with potential applications in low-powerspintronic devices. In this work, the PMA of Pt/Co/AlOx/HfO2 capacitorlike devices was gradually tunedby electric field gating. Hard-x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (HAXPES) measurements at a synchrotronradiation source, guaranteeing tunable photon energies, a collimated beam, and a large photon flux, haveallowed us to probe the composition of the cobalt ultrathin film buried below the dielectric layer of thecapacitors, and its evolution upon the application of the gate voltage. The Co 2p HAXPES spectra of thegated devices were compared to those obtained for Pt/Co/AlOx reference samples, for which the PMAwas controlled by tuning the Co oxidation with oxygen plasma. For similar magnetic anisotropy states,the two types of samples exhibit equivalent Co 2p HAXPES spectra, with the same weight of metallic Coand CoO signatures. These results constitute direct experimental proof that, in our integrated devices, thegate voltage modifies the PMA through the modification of the oxidation state of the buried cobalt layerdriven by oxygen-ion migration.</p>
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