Bibliographie
Arnold, Matthew, Literature and Dogma. An Essay towards a Better Apprehension of the Bible, London, Smith & Elder, 1883 [1873].
Bondois, Marguerite, La Translation des saints Marcellin et Pierre : étude sur Einhard et sa vie politique de 827 à 834, Paris, Librairie Honoré Champion, 1907.
Bouveresse, Jacques, L’Éthique de la croyance et la question du « poids de l’autorité ». Nouvelle édition [en ligne]. Paris, Collège de France, 2015. http://books.openedition.org/cdf/4016. [Consulté le 23 décembre 2022]
Clifford, William Kingdon, « The Ethics of Belief », Contemporary Review, vol. 29 (December1876-May 1877), p. 289-309.
—, « The Ethics of Belief », Lectures and Essays, Leslie Stephen, Frederick Pollock (eds), London, Macmillan and Co, vol. II, 1879, p. 177-211.
—, « L’éthique de la croyance », L’Immoralité de la croyance religieuse, nouvelle traduction, préface et postface de Benoît Gaultier, Marseille, Agone, 2018.
Éginhard, L’Histoire de la translation des bienheureux martyrs S. Marcellin et S. Pierre, A. Trad. Jean-Baptiste Teulet, Einhardi omnia quæ extant opera, Paris, Chez Jules Renouard et Cie, 1840-1843, p. 176-325.
Folz, Robert, « Eginhard (770 env.-840) », https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/eginhard/ [Consulté le 23 décembre 2022].
Geslot, Jean-Charles, « L’édition française à l’heure de la science anglaise dans la deuxième moitié du xixe siècle : Thomas Henry Huxley », Philosophia Scientiæ [En ligne], 22-1 | 2018, mis en ligne le 16 février 2020, consulté le 23 décembre 2022. https://doi.org/10.4000/philosophiascientiae.1325
Hewson, Lance, « L’adaptation larvée : trois cas de figure », Palimpsestes [En ligne], 16 | 2004, mis en ligne le 30 septembre 2013, consulté le 3 janvier 2022. https://doi.org/10.4000/palimpsestes.1596
Huxley, Leonard (ed.), Life and Letters of Thomas Henry Huxley, vol. II, New York, Appleton, 1900.
Huxley, Thomas, H., « Aphorisms by Goethe », Nature 1, 4 novembre 1869, p. 9-11.
—, « The Interpreters of Genesis and the Interpreters of Nature », Nineteenth Century, vol. 18, 1885, p. 849-60.
—, « The Value of Witness to the Miraculous », Nineteenth Century, 24, février 1889, p. 438-453.
—, « The Value of Witness to the Miraculous », rééd. Collected Essays V, Cambridge, CUP, 2012, p. 160-191.
—, 11 January 1876, Paper no 59, « The Evidence of the Miracle of the Resurrection », The Papers of the Metaphysical Society, Catherine Marshall, Bernard Lightman, and Richard England (eds), vol. II. Oxford, OUP, 2015, p. 366-72.
Iogna-Prat, Dominique, « Le lieu de culte dans l’Occident médiéval entre sainteté et sacralité (ixe-xiiie siècles) », Revue de l’histoire des religions [En ligne], 4 | 2005, mis en ligne le 15 janvier 2010 [consulté le 10 décembre 2021].
Whyte, William, « The Intellectual Aristocracy Revisited », Journal of Victorian Culture, vol. 10, 2005, p. 15-45.
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Notes
Huxley écrira avoir inventé le terme en 1869 pour se décrire au sein de la Metaphysical Society où se côtoient divers croyants, mais il ne le fera qu’en 1889 à travers « Agnosticism » (Nineteenth Century, February 1889) pour répondre aux accusations d’athéisme d’Henry Wace.
« The question at issue, [Huxley] argues, is not the possibility of miracles, but the evidence to their occurrence, and if from preconceptions or ignorance the evidence be worthless the historical reality of the facts vanishes. The cardinal point, then, is completely […] the value of testimony ». (Huxley, 1900 : 236)
« If the “Historia Translationis” contained nothing more than has been laid before the reader, up to this time, disbelief in the miracles of which it gives so precise and full a record might well be regarded as hyper-scepticism. » (Huxley, 2012: 170)
Michelle Milan, « Towards a professional identity: Translators in the Victorian publisher’s archive. » Meta, volume 66, numéro 1, avril 2021, p. 48-72. https://doi.org/10.7202/1079320ar, consulté le 22 décembre 2022.
« A translation, to be worth anything, should reproduce the words, the sense, and the form of the original. » T. Huxley, « Aphorisms by Goethe », Nature 1 (4 November 1869), 10. Sur les traductions en français d’Huxley, voir Jean-Charles Geslot, « L’édition française à l’heure de la science anglaise dans la deuxième moitié du xixe siècle : Thomas Henry Huxley », Philosophia Scientiæ [En ligne], 22-1 | 2018, mis en ligne le 16 février 2020, consulté le 23 décembre 2022.
« The article “is all about miracles, and will be rather amusing.”. » (Huxley 1900 : 236)
« a contemporary writer who occupied a high and confidential position in [Charlemagne’s] court » (Huxley, 2012 : 160). Toutes les références renvoient à cette édition. Je traduis les citations.
« I shall adhere as closely as possible to Eginhard’s own words. » (ibid. : 162)
« strange story » (ibid.).
https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/eginhard/ Consulté le 23 décembre 2022.
Huxley suit Teulet en situant sa rédaction vers 830 et note l’existence d’un manuscrit du Xe siècle au monastère de Saint Bavon.
Marcellin, prêtre et Pierre, exorciste, sont des martyrs de Rome sous Dioclétien en 299.
Toutefois, les abbés de Saint-Médard prétendront posséder les reliques et rédigeront des textes décalqués de la Translation. Pour la liste de tous les lieux religieux européens prétendant posséder des reliques des deux saints, voir Bondois, 1907 : 46.
« securing two bodies, supposed to be those of the holy martyrs Marcellinus and Petrus » (Huxley, 2012 : 163).
« the series of wonderful events which he narrates, and for which we have his personal guarantee » (ibid. : 164).
« (loculum mirum in modum humore sanguinco undique distillantem) » (165) ; « “the chest which contained the most sacred relics was found moist with the blood exuding on all sides.” (Cap. ii. 16.) » (ibid. : 165).
« in order that the meaning of the portent might be ascertained » (ibid.).
« satisfactory evidence » (ibid. : 166).
« all the people about [Eginhard] would know that he desired that the saints should go there » (ibid.).
« the later miracles which he proceeds to speak of are known to him only at second hand. » (ibid. : 168)
« But, as he naturally observes, having seen such wonderful events with his own eyes, why should he doubt similar narrations when they are received from trustworthy sources? » (ibid.)
« no means of judging how far the answers are » (ibid.).
« it is wrong in all cases to believe on insufficient evidence; and where it is presumption to doubt and to investigate, there it is worse than presumption to believe » (Clifford, 1879 : 211). Traitant principalement de croyance religieuse, l’essai est paru en 1877.
« We may believe what goes beyond our experience, only when it is inferred from that experience by the assumption that what we do not know is like what we know. » (ibid. : 210)
« We may believe the statement of another person, when there is reasonable ground for supposing that he knows the matter of which he speaks, and that he is speaking the truth so far as he knows it. » (ibid. : 210-11)
« persons in whose veracity he has entire confidence » (2012 : 170).
« He himself makes it quite obvious that when his profound piety comes on the stage, his good sense and even his perception of right and wrong, make their exit. » (ibid. : 170)
« test the value of the somewhat ambiguous promise » (ibid. : 171).
« they spoke with Hildoin, abbot of the monastery of St. Medardus, because the said deacon had assured him that he had the means of placing in his possession the body of the blessed Tiburtius the Martyr. Attracted by which promises [Hildoin] sent with them a certain priest, Hunus » (ibid. : 172).
« the faith of Eginhard’s people in Deacon Deusdona naturally vanished with it » (ibid. : 172).
« “squared” » (ibid. : 174).
« Eginhard tells all this story with the most naive air of unconsciousness. » (ibid. : 175)
« a most gross and scandalous act of sacrilegious and burglarious robbery » (ibid.).
« friend » (ibid.).
« robbed the robbers » (ibid. : 176).
« “whether we may keep them or not is for your judgement.” (Cap. iii. 23.) » (ibid. : 177).
« There was nothing for it but to insist upon the return of the stolen treasures. One would have thought that the holy man, who had admitted himself to be knowingly a receiver of stolen goods, would have made instant restitution and begged only for absolution. » (ibid.)
« Hunus helped himself to as much as would fill a gallon measure (vas sexani mensuram) of the sacred remains. » (ibid.)
« swindler » (ibid. : 179).
« a set of horse-coupers » (ibid.).
« Eginhard’s indignation at the “rapine” of this “nequissimus nebulo” is exquisitely droll. » (ibid. : 177)
« Eginhard seems to be aware of nothing, but that he has been rather badly used by his friend Hildoin, and the “nequissimus nebulo” Hunus.” » (ibid. : 180)
« It is not easy for a modern Protestant, still less for any one who has the least tincture of scientific culture, whether physical or historical, to picture to himself the state of mind of a man of the ninth century, however cultivated, enlightened, and sincere he may have been. » (ibid.)
« cultivated, enlightened, and sincere » (ibid.).
« [Eginhard’s] deepest convictions, his most cherished hopes, were bound up with the belief in the miraculous. Life was a constant battle between saints and demons for the possession of the souls of men. » (ibid.)
« the supernatural was the rule » (ibid.).
« a universal pill » (ibid. : 181).
« an immense practical advantage » (ibid. : 180).
« The writer shows that he is anything but satisfied with the way in which he has been treated by the blessed martyrs whose remains he has taken such pains to “convey” to Seligenstadt, and to honour there as they would never have been honoured in their Roman obscurity. » (ibid. : 181)
« the faith we placed in the merits and intervention of the martyrs has been utterly disappointed » (ibid.).
« when piety, self-interest, the glory of the Church in general, and that of the church at Seligenstadt in particular, all pulled one way, even the workaday principles of morality were disregarded; and, a fortiori, anything like proper investigation of the reality of alleged miracles was thrown to the winds » (ibid. : 181-2).
« thieves and cheats by their own confession » (ibid. : 182).
« no guarantee but their own » (ibid.).
« a careful inquirer » (ibid.).
« There is no falsity so gross that honest men and, still more, virtuous women, anxious to promote a good cause, will not lend themselves to it without any clear consciousness of the moral bearings of what they are doing. » (ibid.)
« hysteria » (ibid. : 183).
« It is obvious that [Eginhard] was not the man to hesitate to “ease” a prophecy until it fitted, if the credit of the shrine of his favourite saints could be increased by such a procedure » (ibid. : 183-4).
« We may believe the statement of another person, when there is reasonable ground for supposing that he knows the matter of which he speaks, and that he is speaking the truth so far as he knows it. » (Clifford, 1879 : 210-11)
« When a man testifies to a miracle, he not only states a fact, but he adds an interpretation of the fact. » (Huxley, 2012 : 187)
« people who would be very much shocked to be compared with a “benighted papist” of the ninth century » (ibid. : 184).
« enlightened Protestants » (ibid.).
« The practical interest is this: if you do not believe in these miracles recounted by a witness whose character and competency are firmly established, whose sincerity cannot be doubted, and who appeals to his sovereign and other contemporaries as witnesses of the truth of what he says, in a document of which a MS. copy exists, probably dating within a century of the author’s death. » (ibid. : 184-5)
« why do you profess to believe in stories of a like character, which are found in documents of the dates and of the authorship of which nothing is certainly determined, and no known copies of which come within two or three centuries of the events they record? » (ibid. : 185).
« if […] you accept Eginhard’s evidence, why do you laugh at the supposed efficacy of relics and the saint-worship of the modern Romanists? » (ibid. : 186)
« If the evidence of Eginhard is insufficient to lead reasonable men to believe in the miracles he relates, a fortiori the evidence afforded by the Gospels and the Acts must be so. » (ibid.)
« extraordinary conceptions of the nature and requirements of logical proof » ; « less security » (ibid. : 187).
« when a man testifies to a miracle, he not only states a fact, but he adds an interpretation of the fact » (ibid. : 186).
« the heated rhetoric of the Apostle of the Gentiles » (ibid. : 87).
« cheerfulness » (ibid. : 188).
« voluminous autobiography of “Honest George” » ; « utter truthfulness » (ibid.).
« the dignity and attractiveness of his personality, or of his possession of a large amount of practical good sense and governing faculty » (ibid.).
« George Fox had full faith in his own powers as a miracle-worker. » (ibid.)
« the conviction that the distinction between subjective and objective verities had not the same place in his mind as it has in that of an ordinary mortal » (ibid. : 189).
« Fox hears voices and he sees visions, some of which he brings before the reader with apocalyptic power in the simple and strong English, alike untutored and undefiled, of which … he was a master. » (ibid. : 190)
« the mental antipodes of the philosopher, founded in naturalism and a fanatic for evidence » (ibid.).
« demand that rational ground for belief, without which, to the man of science, assent is merely an immoral pretence » (ibid. : 191).
« it is this rational ground of belief which the writers of the Gospels, no less than Paul, and Eginhard, and Fox, so little dream of offering that they would regard the demand for it as a kind of blasphemy » (ibid.).
« C’est ainsi qu’ils crurent à cette vision et cessèrent d’ajouter foi aux promesses du diacre. » (Teulet, 1840 : 187)
« homme fort habile » (ibid. : 183).
Huxley en discutera très longuement dans les textes formant les controverses qu’il entretient avec les hommes d’Église généralement Anglicans.
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