Acknowledging the economic role of knowledge, education, training and health, can preserve and make them thrive without assuming that preferences depend on any of them. Here, living capital is defined as their aggregate. In a planned economy, we find that the optimal sequence of total cap- ital is always monotonic. Depending on the productivity of total capital (defined as the sum of physical and living capital), three different regimes hold: bounded growth; asymptotically balanced unbounded growth or unbalanced unbounded growth. Only at the very early stages of development the economy devotes all its investment effort to increase the stock of physical capital and only physical capital. As the economy develops, it will start using living capital in production. In the first regime, total capital converges to a steady state with a positive stock of total capital, which is larger than the one without living capital. In the second regime, growth becomes unbounded, and consumption grows at a constant rate. Total capital grows at the same rate but only asymptotically. In the third case, living capital is used increasingly at the beginning. Once the economy is sufficiently rich, physical capital starts growing faster than living capital. To close, we consider a market economy with externalities from the living. In this case, if the government levies taxes to finance the accumulation of living capital and implements exactly the optimal sequence of living capital as in the planner’s program, then the equilibrium market prices decentralize exactly the planner’s solution.