Abstract Enhanced rock weathering (ERW) has been proposed as a measure to enhance the carbon (C)‐sequestration potential and fertility of soils. The effects of this practice on the soil phosphorus (P) pools and the general mechanisms affecting microbial P cycling, as well as plant P uptake are not well understood. Here, the impact of ERW on soil P availability and microbial P cycling functional groups and root P‐acquisition traits were explored through a 2‐year wollastonite field addition experiment in a tropical rubber plantation. The results show that ERW significantly increased soil microbial carbon‐use efficiency and total P concentrations and indirectly increased soil P availability by enhancing organic P mobilization and mineralization of rhizosheath carboxylates and phosphatase, respectively. Also, ERW stimulated the activities of P‐solubilizing ( gcd , ppa and ppx ) and mineralizing enzymes ( phoADN and phnAPHLFXIM ), thus contributing to the inorganic P solubilization and organic P mineralization. Accompanying the increase in soil P availability, the P‐acquisition strategy of the rubber fine roots changed from do‐it‐yourself acquisition by roots to dependence on mycorrhizal collaboration and the release of root exudates. In addition, the direct effects of ERW on root P‐acquisition traits (such as root diameter, specific root length, and mycorrhizal colonization rate) may also be related to changes in the pattern of belowground carbon investments in plants. Our study provides a new insight that ERW increases carbon‐sequestration potential and P availability in tropical forests and profoundly affects belowground plant resource‐use strategies.