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Chapitre D'ouvrage Année : 2018

Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System and Potential Targets of Toxicants

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4.02 Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System and Potential Targets of Toxicantsq NH Ing, KO Curley, Jr., TH Welsh, Jr., and L Johnson, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, United States C Staub, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique, Nouzilly, France © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 4.02.1 Introduction p5 4.02.1.1 Purpose p5 4.02.2 Source and Approach p5 4.02.3 Anatomy p5 4.02.3.1 Hypothalamic–Pituitary–Testicular Axis p5 4.02.4 Testicular Structure p7 4.02.4.1 Overview p7 4.02.5 Seminiferous Tubules p7 4.02.5.1 Overview p7 4.02.5.2 Myoid Cells p10 4.02.5.3 Sertoli Cells p10 4.02.5.4 Germ Cells (Spermatogonia, Spermatocytes, and Spermatids) p14 4.02.6 Interstitium p15 4.02.6.1 Overview p15 4.02.6.2 Blood Vessels and Lymphatics p15 4.02.6.3 Leydig Cells p16 4.02.6.4 Macrophages p19 4.02.6.5 Other Interstitial Cells p19 4.02.7 Excurrent Ducts of the Male Reproductive System p20 4.02.7.1 Rete Testis Tubules p20 4.02.7.2 Efferent Ducts p20 4.02.7.3 Epididymis p21 4.02.7.4 Ductus Deferens and Ampulla p22 4.02.7.5 Ejaculatory Ducts, Prostatic Urethra, and Penial Urethra p22 4.02.8 Accessory Sex Glands p24 4.02.8.1 Seminal Vesicles p24 4.02.8.2 Prostate p25 4.02.8.3 Bulbourethral Gland p27 4.02.9 Other Androgen-Dependent or Androgen-Sensitive Structures p27 4.02.10 Physiology p27 4.02.11 Production of Hormones p27 4.02.11.1 Hypothalamic neurohormones p27 4.02.11.1.1 Overview p27 4.02.11.1.2 Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone (GnRH) p28 4.02.11.1.3 Prolactin-Inhibiting Hormone (PIH; Dopamine) p28 4.02.11.1.4 Thyrotropin-Releasing Hormone (TRH) p28 4.02.11.1.5 Growth Hormone-Releasing Hormone (GHRH) p28 4.02.11.2 Pituitary Hormones p28 4.02.11.2.1 Overview p28 4.02.11.3 Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Follicle-Stimulating Hormone (FSH) p28 4.02.11.4 Testicular Hormones p29 4.02.11.4.1 Peptide hormones and growth factors p29 4.02.11.4.2 Steroids p30 4.02.12 Hormonal Orchestration of Testicular Function p31 4.02.12.1 Hypothalamic-Pituitary Interaction p31 4.02.12.1.1 GnRH mechanism of action p31 4.02.12.2 Secretion of LH p32 4.02.12.3 Secretion of FSH p32 4.02.12.4 Pituitary–Testicular Interaction p32 4.02.12.4.1 Action of gonadotropin-releasing hormone p32 4.02.12.5 Action of LH p32 4.02.12.6 Action of FSH p32 4.02.12.7 Other p33 4.02.12.7.1 Adrenocorticotrophin (ACTH) p33 4.02.12.7.2 Prolactin p34 4.02.12.7.3 Transferrin p34 4.02.13 Spermatogenesis p34 4.02.13.1 Definition of Spermatogenesis and Its Exocrine Product, the Spermatozoon p34 4.02.13.2 Major Divisions p36 4.02.13.2.1 Spermatocytogenesis p36 4.02.13.2.2 Meiosis p37 4.02.13.2.3 Spermiogenesis p38 4.02.13.3 Spermatogenic Cycle p38 4.02.13.3.1 Stages p38 4.02.13.4 Species Differences p39 4.02.13.5 Recent Updates in Human Seminiferous Cycle p39 4.02.13.6 Evaluation of Spermatogenesis p40 4.02.13.6.1 Ejaculate p40 4.02.13.6.2 Ductus Deferens and Epididymis p40 4.02.13.6.3 Testis p40 4.02.13.7 Efficiency of Spermatogenesis p41 4.02.13.8 Germ Cell Degeneration p42 4.02.14 Cellular Communication Within the Testis p43 4.02.14.1 Development and Growth p43 4.02.14.2 Spermatogenesis p43 4.02.15 Epididymal Function p46 4.02.15.1 Spermatozoan Maturation p46 4.02.15.1.1 Fertility p46 4.02.15.2 Structural and Membrane Changes p46 4.02.15.3 Metabolism and Motility p46 4.02.15.4 Absorption and Secretion by the Luminal Epithelium p47 4.02.16 Movement of Spermatozoa Through the Excurrent Ducts p47 4.02.17 Testicular and Reproductive Tract Development p48 4.02.17.1 Prenatal Development and Testicular Descent p48 4.02.17.2 Virilization of the Male p49 4.02.17.3 Puberty p49 4.02.17.4 Adulthood p51 4.02.17.5 Aging p51 4.02.18 Normal Sexual Behavior in Males p51 4.02.19 Conclusions p52 Acknowledgments p52 References p52 Further Reading p63
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hal-04521799 , version 1 (26-03-2024)

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N.H. Ing, K.O. Curley, T.H. Welsh, L. Johnson, Christophe Staub. Anatomy and Physiology of the Male Reproductive System and Potential Targets of Toxicants. Elsevier Science. Comprehensive Toxicology, Elsevier, pp.2-63, 2018, ⟨10.1016/b978-0-12-801238-3.02134-6⟩. ⟨hal-04521799⟩

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