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            <title xml:lang="en">A contrastive “corpus-based” exploratory approach of narrative closure sequences: reference chains as linguistic markers for literary analysis</title>
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                <term xml:lang="en">Reference chains</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Contrastive linguistics</term>
                <term xml:lang="en">Realist novel</term>
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                <term xml:lang="fr">Excipit</term>
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              <p>Literary studies of narrative closure often face problems related to delineation and definition. This contrastive article (German-English-French) proposes to develop a linguistic tool centered on the analysis of reference chains. We assume that the observation of referential expressions referring to characters allows us to understand how the beginning and the end of texts are built. The analysis is applied to an exploratory corpus of about 50 000 words, made up of 45 incipits and 45 excipits (15 in each language) of realist novels, annotated and analyzed with two software programs. It appears that the mode of referencing characters is indeed specific in incipits and excipits. These specificities suggest the existence of a set of observable parameters that partly overlap with the literary analysis in terms of thematic topoï. Finally, the contrastive dimension leads us to question the cultural specificities of these phenomena.</p>
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              <p>Les études littéraires sur la clôture narrative se heurtent à des problèmes de délimitation et de définition. Cet article contrastif (allemand-anglais-français) propose d’élaborer un outil d’analyse linguistique centré sur les chaines de référence. Nous supposons que l’observation des expressions référentielles se rapportant aux personnages permet de comprendre comment se constituent le début et la fin des textes. Les analyses portent ici sur un corpus exploratoire d’environ 50 000 mots, constitué de 45 incipit et 45 excipit (15 dans chaque langue) de romans réalistes, annotés et analysés par le biais de deux logiciels. Il apparait que le mode de référenciation des personnages connait en effet des spécificités dans les incipit et les excipit. Ces spécificités permettent d’établir un ensemble de paramètres observables qui recoupent en partie l’analyse littéraire en termes de topoï thématiques. Enfin, la dimension contrastive conduit à s’interroger sur les spécificités culturelles de ces phénomènes.</p>
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